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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4>Recto</h4>
<br /><p>Virginia sct.</p>
<p>At a General Court held at the Capitol<br />the 25<sup>th</sup> day of April 1761</p>
<p>Joseph Brown having appealed from an Opinion<br />of the Court of Loudoun County given the eleventh day<br />of June 1760 That the Witnesses to prove and establish<br />a verbal Gift of two slaves Charles and Pat supposed<br />to be made by his Father Thomas Brown to the said<br />Joseph were not sufficient to establish the same<br />This day came the Parties by their Attornies who<br />being fully heard It is Ordered that the cause be sent<br />back to the said County Court for a new Contestation<br />to be had therein That the Depositions of the<br />Witnesses to be produced in the said County Court by<br />either party be taken and reduced into Writing and<br />made part of the Record to be transmitted hither in<br />case either of the Parties shall appeal from the<br />Judgment of the said Court to be given on such new<br />Contestation and that the Costs of this Appeal go<br />against the party who shall be finally cast in this<br />Cause</p>
<p>Ben Waller</p>
<br /><h4>Verso</h4>
<br /><p>Brown<br />vs.<br />Brown<br />Copy<br />Order</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Virginia General Court order on appeal in Brown vs. Brown, 1761 April 25
Subject
The topic of the resource
Slavery -- Virginia -- Loudoun County
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Joseph Brown's appeal of the Loudoun County, Virginia, court's decision denying the validity of a verbal gift of two slaves from his father Thomas. Virginia General Court orders a new contestation of the case. Order signed by Benjamin Waller as clerk of the court.</p>
<p>On December 15, 1762, Joseph Brown produced three witnesses to the verbal agreement before the Loudoun County Court. The court determined that the depositions of the witnesses were sufficient to establish the gift. Thomas Brown was granted the right of appeal to the General Court.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Virginia. General Court
Waller, Benjamin, 1716-1786
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1761
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
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byline:Benjamin Butterworth
object_name:Deed of emancipation of Sall Black, 1791 March 31, verso
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Recto</strong></h4>
<br /><p>I Benjamin Butterworth Jr. of Campbell County being<br />possest of a Negroe girl Named Sall Black aged<br />Nine Years & Six Months do for myself & my Heirs,<br />Release unto the Said Sall Black all Claim or proten<br />tion of Claim whatsoever or to any Property She may<br />acquire after arriving to the Age of Eighteen Years<br />which will Happen in the Ninth Month. One thou-<br />=sand Seven Hundred & Ninety-nine In witness<br />whereof I have Hereunto Set my Hand & Seal this<br />31<sup>st</sup>. day of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Month 1791</p>
<p>Benj. Butterworth</p>
<p>Signd Seal'd &<br />Delivered in presence of<br />M. Davis af<sup>d</sup><br />W<sup>m</sup> Davis af<sup>d</sup>.<br />Christ<sup>r</sup> Johnson</p>
<br /><h4>Verso</h4>
<br /><p>Butterworth<br />to 1 Emanc<br />Black<br />Recorded<br />236<br />Ex<sup>d</sup></p>
<p>Benj<sup>a</sup> Butterworth Jr<br />To<br />Sall Black<br />Deed of<br />Emancipation</p>
<p>At A Court Held for Campbell County Septermber 6th<br />1792. The within Manumission was proved by the<br />solemn Affirmation of Micajah Davis & William<br />Davis and Ordered to be Recorded</p>
<p>Teste<br />R. Alexander Cl Cour</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Deed of manumission of enslaved woman, Sall Black, 1791 March 31
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black, Sall
Butterworth, Benjamin, 1736-1801
Quakers -- Virginia -- Campbell County
Slaves -- Emancipation -- Virginia -- Campbell County
Description
An account of the resource
Deed of emancipation for Sall Black dated March 31, 1791. By this deed, Benjamin Butterworth recorded his intention to free the enslaved woman, Sall Black, when she attained the age of 18 years. Butterworth, a Virginia Quaker, was able to free his slaves under the provisions of a manumission act passed by the Virginia legislature in 1782. The deed was recorded by the Campbell County court and affirmed by fellow Quakers Micajah Davis and William Davis and by Christopher Johnson. Robert Alexander signed the deed as clerk of the court.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1791
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS 2001.20
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IPTC String
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byline:Josiah West Cathon
object_name:Deed of emancipation of Josiah West Cathon's slaves, 1793 Februa
keyword:Josiah West Cathon, Southampton County, Slaves, Manumission
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IPTC String
caption_writer:Douglas Mayo
byline:Josiah West Cathon
object_name:Deed of emancipation of Josiah West Cathon's slaves, 1793 Februa
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Recto</strong></h4>
<br /><p>I Josiah West Cathon of the County of Southampton<br />Virginia being fully persuaded that freedom is the<br />natural right of all Mankind; and that it is my duty<br />to do unto others as I would desire to be done by, in the<br />like situation, and having under my care three Negroes<br />whome I have heretofore held as Slaves, of the following<br />names and Ages (viz<sup>t</sup>.) Will about forty five years<br />Selah about Twenty and Pleasant about Eighteen<br />years. I hereby Emancipate and set free all and<br />every the above named Slaves; And do for my self my<br />heirs Executors and Administrators relinquish all<br />my right Title Interest and claim or pretension<br />of claim whatsoever either to their Persons or any<br />estate they may hereafter Acquire.</p>
<p>And having also two now in their minority (viz<sup>t</sup>)<br />Phereby fifteen Pat Eleven Years, each of which I also<br />hereby Emancipate and set free; yet I believe it right for<br />me to act as Guardian over them untill they arrive to<br />the age of Eighteen Years; And I do for my self my heirs<br />Executors and Administrators relinquish all my right<br />Title Interest and claim or pretensions of claim whatso<br />=ever either to their persons or any estate they may Ac<br />=quire after they shall attain to the ages aboves'<sup>d</sup>, which will<br />be at the following times; Phereby 1<sup>st</sup> 8<sup>th</sup> Month 1796 Pat<br />1<sup>st</sup> of 2<sup>nd</sup> Month 1799. All the abovesaid Negroes and their<br />Posterity to enjoy their full freedom without any interrup<br />=tion from me or any person claiming for by or under<br />me In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my Hand<br />and Seal this 2<sup>nd</sup> day of February 1793</p>
<p>Josiah W. Cathon Seal</p>
<p>Signed sealed and Delivered<br />in presance<br />of<br />Jesse Vick<br />Lemuel Eley John Rawls</p>
<br /><h4>Verso</h4>
<br /><p>17<br />Josiah West Cathon's eman<br />cipation of sundry slaves</p>
<p>Septb<sup>r</sup>. 1793.</p>
<p>Recorded<br />Page 13</p>
<br /><p>At a Court held for the County of S.ton the 12 day of Sept<sup>r</sup>. 1793 <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">held for the</span> <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">This<br />Manumission</span> This deed for the emancipation of <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">the within named<br />nam'd</span> Sundry Slaves [crossed out, illegible] proved by the solemn affirmation of Lemuel Eley & John Rawls<br />being people call'd Quakers, & Ordered to be recorded.<br />S Kello</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Deed of manumission for Josiah Cathon's enslaved persons, 1793 February 2
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cathon, Josiah West
Quakers -- Virginia -- Southampton County
Slaves -- Emancipation -- Virginia -- Southampton County
Description
An account of the resource
Deed of emancipation for the slaves of Josiah West Cathon of Southampton County, Virginia dated February 2, 1793. By this deed, Cathon freed 5 slaves, two of whom were minors. Cathon intended to serve as guardian for the minors until they turned 18. Cathon was able to free his slaves under the provisions of a manumission act passed by the Virginia legislature in 1782. The deed was recorded by the Southampton court and proved by Lemuel Eley and John Rawls "people call'd Quakers." Samuel Kello signed the deed as clerk of the court.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cathon, Josiah West
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1793
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS 2001.21
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Brig Othello's People, Augt 1772
Subject
The topic of the resource
Othello (Brig)
Slave ships
Slave trade -- Africa
Slave trade -- Rhode Island
Slave trade -- Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Manuscript account of items and money issued to the crew of the brig <em>Othello</em>. The <em>Othello</em> was a slave ship owned by Samuel and William Vernon of Newport, Rhode Island. It departed Rhode Island August 23, 1772 bound for Africa and brought the slaves it obtained to Rappahannock in Virignia. The details of this voyage are recorded in <a href="http://slavevoyages.org/tast/database/search.faces?yearFrom=1514&yearTo=1866&shipname=othello&ptdepimp=20000&anycaptain=john+duncan&yearam=1773">The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database</a>. Correspondence concerning this voyage may be found in Donnan, Elizabeth, ed. <em>Documents illustrative of the slave trade to America</em>. Vol. 3. New York: Octagon Books, 1969.
Creator
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Othello (Brig)
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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1772-1774
Rights
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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pdf
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
Identifier
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4>Recto</h4>
<br /><p>This Deed made this 21<sup>st</sup> day of Nov<sup>r</sup> Anno Domini 1809 between James Lyon of the County of<br />Northampton & State of Virg<sup>a</sup>. of the one part, and John Eyre, Guardian of William Eyre, of the County<br />& state aforesaid of the other, Witnesseth that the said James Lyon in order to secure the payment<br />of the sum of Seventeen Hundred Dollars to him in hand paid by the said John Eyre before the seal<br />-ing & Delivery of these presents (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged) hath granted bargain<br />-ed & sold, and by these presents doth grant bargain & sell unto the said John Eyre Guardian of Willi<br />-am Eyre the following slaves, viz, four negroe men, named, Johnston, George, Able Booker,<br />& Jacob – a Boy named Severn – a Girl named Nelly – Tamar, & her four children viz.<br />Gilbert, Sarah, Nelson & Patience – also another woman named Fanny, & her four children viz.<br />Rachel, Sylla, Sam & Mary. To have & to hold the aforesaid Negroe slaves, hereby mentioned<br />to be granted to the said John Eyre, His Heirs & assigns for ever. Upon trust nevertheless, that<br />if the said James Lyon his Heirs Ex<sup>rs</sup>. Adm<sup>rs</sup>. or Assigns do pay or cause to be paid unto the said<br />John Eyre, his Heirs or Assigns the aforesaid sum of Seventeen Hundred Dollars on or before the<br />21<sup>st</sup>. day of November AD. 1811 together with the lawful interest thereon from the date hereof<br />then, and in that case, these presents, and all the property hereby granted, & every clause & sen-<br />tence herein contained shall cease, determine & be utterly void, anything herein contained to<br />the contrary notwithstanding. But in case the afores<sup>d</sup>. James Lyon, his Heirs Ex<sup>rs</sup>. Adm<sup>rs</sup>. <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">and</span> or<br />Assigns shall fail to pay unto the s<sup>d</sup>. John Eyre His Heirs or Assigns the afores<sup>d</sup> sum of Seven<br />teen Hundred Dollars & the interest thereon, in the time before specifyed, then the said John<br />Eyre his Heirs Ex<sup>rs</sup>. or Adm<sup>rs</sup>. are hereby authorized to proceed to make publick sale of<br />the afores<sup>d</sup>. negroe Slaves to the highest bidders, having given ten days previous notice by ad-</p>
<br /><h4>Verso</h4>
<br /><p>vertizing the time & place of holding such Sale. And out of the monies arising from the<br />Sale of said slaves, the said John Eyre, his Heirs or Assigns are first to pay & satisfy all rea-<br />sonable charges accruing on their Deed, and such Sale – then the aforesaid Debt & interest,<br />and lastly to pay to the afores<sup>d</sup>. James Lyon or his lawfull Representatives whatever residue<br />there may be of Monies arising from said Sale.</p>
<p>And the said James Lyon for himself, his heirs Ex<sup>rs</sup>. Adm<sup>rs</sup>. & Assigns doth hereby the<br />before mentioned Slaves unto the said John Eyre his Heirs Ex<sup>rs</sup>. Adm<sup>rs</sup>. fully warrant & defend<br />against the claim or claims of all persons whatsoever. In testimony whereof the said<br />James Lyon hath hereunto set his hand & affixed his seal the day [1 word illegible] before written.</p>
<p>James Lyon Seal</p>
<p>Signed Sealed & Delivered<br />in presence of<br />W<sup>m</sup> Williams<br />William Powell</p>
<p>At a Court held for Northampton County the 9<sup>th</sup> day of December 1811.<br />This Deed was proved by the Oath of William Williams<br />a witness thereto, and ordered to be recorded.<br />Teste<br />Tho<sup>s</sup>. L. Savage Cl</p>
<p>James Lyon<br />to Jn<sup>o</sup>. Eyre Guardi-<br />an of W<sup>m</sup>. Eyre<br />Deed in trust</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Deed of James Lyon with John Eyre for sixteen slaves, 1809 November 21
Subject
The topic of the resource
Eyre, John, 1768-1855
Lyon, James, 1757-1811
African Americans--Virginia--Northampton County
Slaves--Virginia--Northampton County
Deeds--Virginia--Northampton County--19th century
Description
An account of the resource
James Lyon, a physician in Northampton County, Virginia, was married to Sarah Eyre, the sister of John Eyre. The deed between James Lyon and John Eyre is for the transfer of sixteen slaves to Eyre as security for seventeen hundred dollars received by Lyon of Eyre. The deed stipulates that Lyon or his heirs have until November 21, 1811, two years from the date of the deed, to repay the seventeen hundred dollars. The deed further stipulates that the slaves may be sold by Eyre if the money is not paid in time. The proceeds of the sale to satisfy the debt and costs incurred by Eyre with the residue of the sale going to Lyon or his heirs. The deed was proved at the court in Northampton County on December 9th, 1811 following the death of Lyon in November of that year. The sixteen slaves are all named in the deed.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lyon, James, 1757-1811
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1809
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
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eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4>Recto</h4>
<br /><p>Know all Men by these presents that I<br />John Tadlock for the Consider ation of the<br />Sum of Eighty pounds Virginia Money in<br />hand paid. I have Bargind and Sold and<br />in open Market Deliverd unto James Mc<br />Murtry one Negro Girl Name Dice about<br />Sixteen years old Sound from any Impediment<br /><span style="text-decoration:line-through;">as far as I know</span> and I the Said John Tadlock<br />do worrent and for Ever define the Said Negro<br />from Me My heirs &c to him his heirs &c<br />and from any other person or persons Laying<br />any Just Right title Clame or demand to the<br />Same Given under My hand and Seal this<br />first Day of August 1795</p>
<p>the above [illegible]</p>
<p>John Tadlock Seal</p>
<p>Signed sealed<br />& delivered in<br />presence of<br />William Neilson<br />Samuel [McKerry]</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John Tadlock bill of sale for a slave girl, 1795 August 1
Subject
The topic of the resource
African American girls -- Virginia
Women slaves -- Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Bill of sale between John Tadlock and James McMurtry for the sale of "one Negro Girl Name Dice about Sixteen years old ..." for the consideration of "Eighty pounds Virginia Money ..." Witnessed by William Neilson and Samuel McKenny.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Tadlock, John
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1795
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Letter from the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, to the Inhabitants of Maryland, Virginia, North and South-Carolina
Subject
The topic of the resource
Slave holders -- Southern States
Slavery -- Southern States
Slaves -- Religious life -- Southern States
Southern States -- Religious life and customs
Description
An account of the resource
In this open letter to the inhabitants of Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas, George Whitefield criticizes the slave owners for their mistreatment of slaves within those colonies. Whitefield notes that slave masters tend to treat their animals better than their slaves. He writes "my blood has frequently almost run cold within me, to consider how many of your Slaves had neither convenient Food to eat or proper Raiment to put on, notwithstanding most of the Comforts you enjoy were solely owing to their indefatigable Labours." Whitefield believes the prayers of the slaves will be heard and "The blood of them spilt for these many Years in your respective Provinces, will ascend up to Heaven against you." Whitefield's main concern, however, is for the souls of the enslaved. He believes the slave owners purposely keep their slaves ignorant of Christianity, a crime far worse than the physical degradation the slaves are made to endure. The controversy created by this letter led some to blame Whitefield for the Stono Uprising of 1739.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Whitefield, George, 1714-1770.
Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790, printer.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1740
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<em>The Pennsylvania Gazette, April 17, 1740, Numb. 592</em>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Recto</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Appraisement of that part of the negroes and personal Estate of the Late<br />Doctor Pasteur which is in Williamsburg.</p>
<br /><table><tbody><tr><td> </td>
<td>£</td>
<td>[s]</td>
<td>[p]</td>
<td> </td>
<td>£</td>
<td>[s]</td>
<td>[p]</td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Mahogany Book Case </td>
<td>9 </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>17 Table Silver Spoons </td>
<td>7 </td>
<td>10 </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Ditto Table</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Doz: Tea D<sup>o</sup></td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 D<sup>o</sup> square D<sup>o</sup></td>
<td> </td>
<td>15</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1/2 Dozen Walnut Chairs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>16</td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Soop D<sup>o</sup> 15s. 1 Ladle 16s.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Dozen Mahogany &</td>
<td>6</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>5 p<sup>r</sup>. Candlesticks</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>2 Arm D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Easy Chair</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Card Table</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Large oval maho. Table</td>
<td>3</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Pembroke D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>5 Iron Pots 40s. 1 frying Pan</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Tea D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Spit Ladle fork and Irons &</td>
<td>4</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Large Looking Glass</td>
<td>4</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>5 Pewter Dishes 21 Plates</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>3 Waters</td>
<td> </td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
<td>2 Skillets 7/6 2 p<sup>r</sup> Smoothing Irons</td>
<td> </td>
<td>12</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Book Case Glass Doors</td>
<td>8</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Coffee Mill 5s. 2 Spades & rake 7/6</td>
<td> </td>
<td>12</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Dressing Drawers</td>
<td>4</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Chariot & Harness</td>
<td>25</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Walnut Table</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Single Chain & D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Mahogany Close Press</td>
<td>3</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Bay Mare (speckled back)</td>
<td>7</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>8 Walnut Chairs</td>
<td>2</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Little Bay Mare</td>
<td>7</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>5 Beds & bolsters</td>
<td>17</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 Cart & Harness</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>11 p<sup>r</sup>. Sheets</td>
<td>8</td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>4 Counterpanes</td>
<td>3</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Negroes</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Suit Calico Curtains</td>
<td>3</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Old Ely</td>
<td>£ 10</td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>9 Damas Table Cloths</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>14</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Rachael</td>
<td>15</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>8 Diaper D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Ariana</td>
<td>20</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>12 D<sup>o</sup>. Towels</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>16</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Young Eley</td>
<td>30</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>18 Tea Cloths</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>14</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Billey</td>
<td>30</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>5 pair Rose Blankets</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Harry</td>
<td>18</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Walnut Bedstead</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Lucy</td>
<td>16</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>5 Pine D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Jemmy</td>
<td>14</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Walnut Table</td>
<td> </td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Phill</td>
<td>12</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>5 Chairs Mahogany</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>John</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 D<sup>o</sup>. dressing Glass</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Fanny</td>
<td>35</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 D<sup>o</sup>. Gilt frame</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Sam</td>
<td>14</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Walnut Clothes press</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Nancy</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Wilton Carpet</td>
<td>5</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Dilsey</td>
<td> 7</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 Scotch D<sup>o</sup>.</td>
<td> </td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Bailey</td>
<td>40</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>4 1/2 Dozen China Plates</td>
<td>3</td>
<td> 7</td>
<td> 6</td>
<td>Watts</td>
<td>30</td>
<td> </td>
<td>316:10</td>
</tr><tr><td>20 Dishes Sorted</td>
<td>6</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>£ 508: . 6</td>
</tr><tr><td>Parcel China Cups & Saucers</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> 5</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>4 China Bowles</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> 2</td>
<td> 6</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>3 China Mugs</td>
<td> </td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>2 Dozen Wine Glasses</td>
<td> </td>
<td>12</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>5 Tumblers 3/6 Rum and Castors 3s</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>13</td>
<td> 6</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr><td>1 doz. Ivory hand knives & forks & Case</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr></tbody></table><br /><h4><strong>Verso</strong></h4>
<br /><p>We the underwritten pursuant to an order of the court of Hustings for the<br />City of Williamsburg bearing date the 4<sup>th</sup> July 1791 being previously sworn<br />have approved the estate personal and Slaves of the late Doctor William Pasteur<br />in the said City agreeable to the foregoijng particulars: Given under our hands<br />this 26<sup>th</sup> July 1791.</p>
<br /><p>Gabriel Maupin<br />James Wood<br />Matt Pearson</p>
<br /><p>Returned into the Court of Hustings for the City of Williamsburg the 6<sup>th</sup> day of<br />February 1792 and ordered to be recorded.</p>
<p>Teste<br />Will: Russell CHC</p>
<p>A Copy. <br />Teste<br />Geo: Henley CHC.</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Appraisement of that part of the negroes and personal Estate of the Late Doctor Pasteur which is in Williamsburg
Subject
The topic of the resource
Pasteur, William, -1791 -- Estate
Probate records -- Virginia -- Williamsburg
Slaves -- Virginia -- Williamsburg
African Americans -- Virginia -- Williamsburg
Personal property -- Virginia -- Williamsburg
Wills -- Virginia -- Williamsburg
Description
An account of the resource
<p>An appraisal of the personal property and slaves of Dr. William Pasteur in Williamsburg created for the Hustings Court. The appraisal consists largely of household furnishings, textiles and slaves. The sixteen slaves in the appraisal account for over sixty per cent of the value of Dr. Pasteur's Williamsburg estate. Also included in the appraisal are horses, harness and vehicles.</p>
<p>Dr. William Pasteur was a notable figure in Williamsburg. He established his first Williamsburg apothecary shop in 1759. In 1775 he formed a partnership with his Williamsburg competitor, Dr. John Minson Galt. From 1776-1776 Pasteur served as mayor of Williamsburg. Pasteur retired from the Pasteur and Galt Apothecary in 1778. In his will, Pasteur empowered his executors to sell his lands in Goochland and all his personal property except for his slaves. He directed the executors to apply the proceeds of the sale to the payment of his debts, gave specific bequests to particular slaves, and left what did not sell, along with a bequest of 500 Pounds, to his wife Elizabeth.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Virginia. Hustings Court (Williamsburg)
Maupin, Gabriel, 1737-1800
Wood, James, 1741-1813
Pearson, Matt, active 1791
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1791
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS 2007.1
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The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Plan and Sections of a Slave Ship
Subject
The topic of the resource
Slave ships -- Pictorial works
Slave insurrections -- Pictorial works
Slave trade -- Pictorial works
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The slave ship Brooks was originally drawn in 1788 by William Elford for the Plymouth chapter of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. It was arguably the most effective image in the British effort to abolish the slave trade. Here it is published as part of Carl Bernhard Wadstrom's <em>An Essay on colonization...</em> Created shortly after passage of the Dolben Act, an act which regulated the number of slaves on British vessels based upon their tonnage, the image shows 482 slaves packed tightly in the hold; that being the maximum allowed according to the new legislation. The accompanying text points out that on her last voyage before the passage of the Dolben Act the Brooks carried 609 slaves from Africa to America. The reader is left to imagine how such a scene would have looked.</p>
<p>The image showing an insurrection on a slave ship was added for Wadstrom's publication. The crew of the ship can be seen firing down onto the slaves from behind a barricado which was a standard defensive barrier erected on slaving vessels.</p>
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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1794
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
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<em>An Essay on colonization, particularly applied to the Western Coast of Africa ...</em> by C.B. Wadstrom. London : Printed for the author ..., 1794.
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Rediker, Marcus. <em>The slave ship : a human history</em>. New York : Penguin Books, 2007. See chapter 10: The long voyage of the slave ship Brooks.
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jpeg
Language
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eng
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Image
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SCRB10197
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Title
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African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
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This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
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<h4><strong>Page 1</strong></h4>
<br /><p>BE IT REMEMBERED, That I Deborah Morris, of the city of Philadelphia, spinster, being of<br />sound disposing mind and memory do make (this sixteenth day of the third month, one thou-<br />sand seven hundred and ninety-three) this my last will and testament, as follows : revoking hereby<br />all other wills by me heretofore made.</p>
<br /><p><em>First,</em> I authorize my executors, herein after named, to pay and discharge all my debts and funeral<br />expences, as soon after my decease as may be, and to enable them so to do, I hereby impower<br />my said executors, the survivors or survivor of them, to sell at public or private sale, convey and<br />assure, all that my tract of land in Nockamixon township, Bucks County, being the remainder of<br />what I purchased of my nephew, William Shoemaker; all that my undivided moiety of a tract of<br />land called Callenders Meadows, on the Allegany Mountain, in Bedford County, purchased of<br />Samuel Wallis, and held jointly by Joseph Potts, and myself, although the deed is in my name ;<br />all my estate purchased of Alexander Mackey, situated on Dock and Pear-Streets, in the city of<br />Philadelphia; all that my lot of ground in seventh street, in the said city, now in the tenure of<br />Vigil Warder, a black man; and also all that my house and lot of ground, on the north side of<br />High-Street, in the said city, now in the tenure of James Biddle, being in front, eighteen feet, ten<br />inches, and in depth, an hundred and seventeen feet, from which no priviledge of outlet shall ever<br />be granted into the Court, but I will and direct, that the house and lot last mentioned shall be<br />sold, subject to twelve pounds per annum, payable thereout annually for ever to the contributors<br />to the Pennsylvania Hospital, for the benefit of that institution.</p>
<br /><p><em>And</em> as this property with the monies in my possession, or due to me at the time of my de-<br />cease may not be sufficient to discharge my debts, I hereby devise and bequeath to my said execu-<br />tors, the survivors and survivor of them, and the heirs and assigns of such survivor, all and singu-<br />lar, other my lands tenements and hereditaments in trust, however, and to and for the following,<br />and no other purposes, intents, and uses whatever :---That is to say, to receive the rents, issues,<br />and profits thereof, and after paying taxes and other unavoidable charges, to pay off and discharge<br />the residue of my debts; also to pay thereout to my sister Elizabeth Shoemaker, during her natu-<br />ral life, in quarterly payments of twelve pounds ten shillings each, fifty pounds per annum, to<br />commence from the day of my decease; and to her daughter, Elizabeth Lightfoot, the sum of<br />fifty pounds per annum, payable from the same time in like manner, during the natural life of<br />her said mother, and for the term of two years after the decease of her said mother ; also to pay<br />thereout to my faithful attendant, Rachel Baremore, now living with me, during the term of her<br />natural life, fifty pounds per annum, in four even quarterly payments, to commence from the day<br />of my decease; all which payments I direct to be paid in the first place, and out of the estate<br />I shall leave, and after payment of my debts, and the foresaid annuities, I will and direct that<br />my said executors, the survivors and survivor of them, the heirs and assigns of such survivor, shall<br />be, and stand seized of the said estate, until from the rents, issues, and profits thereof, the sum of<br />six hundred pounds shall be received, which shall be applied for the repairs hereafter mentioned,<br />and also to discharge all other, the pecuniary or specific legacies, not hereafter particularly other-<br />ways charged upon any part or parts of my real estate, if the same shall be sufficient, but if not,<br />then so much as my said executors shall find necessary ; and after the said sum shall have been<br />so raised, then they shall continue to be and stand seized as aforesaid, until the further sum of<br />twelve hundred pounds shall have been received therefrom, for the purpose of erecting a dwel-<br />ling house and wall on the lot of ground herein after devised to my niece Abigail Griffiths, and<br />her son Samuel Powel Griffiths, which sum, as it is received from time to time, shall be put out<br />to interest by my executors, on good securities, and the interest again put out for the same pur-<br />pose, and from and after the time that the said last mentioned sum shall have been raised, then to<br />and for the use of my devisees herein after-named according to the estates and interests to them<br />respectively granted.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to my niece Abigail Griffiths, and her son Samuel Powel Griffiths, for and du-<br />ring the term of the natural life, of the said Abigail Griffiths, all that my late grand-father's<br />mansion house, at the corner of Front-Street and Morris's Alley, to have, and to hold the same,<br />for and during the term of her natural life, and from and after her decease, then I devise and<br />bequeath the same to her son Samuel Powel Griffiths, for the term of ninety-nine years, if he<br />shall so long live, subject to the payment of two hundred pounds, to his brother James Griffiths,<br />in three years after the death of his said mother, or if the said James Griffith, shall not then be<br />living, then to his children, if any, equally to be divided between them, and from and after the<br />decease of the said Samuel Powel Griffiths, then to the issue of his body lawfully begotten, to be<br />equally divided between them, during the residue of the said term of ninety-nine years, and after<br />the expiration of the said term, or in case the said Samuel Powel Griffiths shall die, leaving no<br />issue, then I devise the same to Benjamin Wister Morris, and the heirs male of his body, lawfully be-<br />gotten, subject of the payment of an annuity of twenty-five pounds per annum, payable thereout, an-<br />nually for ever, to Nicholas Waln, James Bringhurst, Thomas Fisher, Samuel Coates, Henry Drinker,<br />Samuel Hopkins, Isaac Cathrall, Thomas Scattergood, Samuel Sansom, John Field, Joshua Cresson,<br />and John Drinker, their heirs and assigns, which annuity I will and direct shall be applied to the relief<br />and accommodation of the poor in the Alms-house in this city, under the care and direction of Friends :<br />and for want of such male heir of the body of the said Benjamin Wister Morris, I devise the said man-<br />sion house and lot of ground to Caspar Wistar Morris, the brother of the said Benjamin Wistar Morris,<br />and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, and for want of such male heir of the body of the said<br />Caspar Wistar Morris, lawfully begotten, I devise the said mansion house and lot of ground in like man-<br />ner, to his brother Luke Morris, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, and for want of such<br />male heir, I devise the same to the said Nicholas Waln, James Bringhurtt, Thomas Fisher, Samuel<br />Coates, Henry Drinker, Samuel Hopkins, Isaac Cathrall, Thomas Scatterwood, Samuel Sansom, John<br />Field,</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 2</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Field, Joshua Cresson, and John Drinker, their heirs and assigns, for the purpose of rebuilding the<br />said Alms-house, and accommodating the poor thereof, and it is my desire, as it was the desire of my<br />late dear father, that the mansion house at present erected on the said lot shall stand as long as it may<br />with safety to the inhabitants, and when it shall become necessary to rebuild it, I hereby authorise and<br />impower my said nephew, Samuel Powel Griffiths, or the person or persons, who shall at that time be<br />rightfully seized or possessed thereof by virtue of this will, to call in the said twelve hundred pounds, and<br />the interest thereof, and erect therewith, a good, but plain three story brick house, keeping as near as<br />possible to the old foundations, and also a brick wall on the south side of the garden, and when this shall<br />be done, I direct the following words and figures, viz. A. M. 1686, to be affixed in blue bricks at one<br />of the gable ends of the house, that being about the time my worthy grand-father built the present<br />house.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to my sister Elizabeth Shoemaker, for, and during her natural life, all my present<br />mansion or dwelling-house, and half the garden lot contiguous thereto, with the westermost frame house,<br />in Farmer's alley; the adjoining tenement now in the tenure of Jacob Fister, and my chair house and<br />stables, subject to the payment of twenty pound per annum to my niece, Mary Jones, daughter of my<br />brother James, during the natural life of the said Mary, and also subject to the ground rent of fifty<br />shillings per annum, now payable thereout : and from and after the decease of the said Elizabeth Shoe-<br />maker, I devise the same to Sarah Powel Buckley, daughter of my niece, Sarah Buckley, during her<br />natural life, subject to the payment of the said annuity to Mary Jones ; and also subject to the pay-<br />ment of twelve pounds per annum to her mother, Sarah Buckley, during the natural life of the said<br />Sarah Buckley, and from and after the decease of the said Sarah Powel Buckley, then I devise the same<br /> to the lawful issue of the body of the said Sarah Powel Buckley, begotten, who shall be living at the<br />time of her death, equally to be divided between them as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants,<br />subject however to the payment of the aforesaid annuities and ground rent, and also subject from the ex-<br />piration of the said annuities, to an annuity of twelve pounds per annum, payable thereout annually for<br />ever, to the overseers of the public school, founded by charter, in the town and county of Philadelphia,<br />in Pennsylvania, for the use of the free negro school, in the city of Philadelphia, under the care of<br />friends : and if the said Sarah Powel Buckley, shall die without issue, then I devise the fame to my<br />nephew, Jonathan Jones, the late husband of my beloved niece, Mary Jones, his heirs and assigns sub-<br /> ject to the aforesaid annuities and ground rent.</p>
<br /><p><em>And,</em> I do hereby declare this devise, and the several successive estates, hereby limited and created to<br />be upon this express condition, viz. that the owner of the several messuages and lots, in this clause men-<br />tioned, shall not build nor suffer any building to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of<br />my said dwelling-house, nor open, nor permit, or suffer to be opened, if they can in any wise prevent<br />it, an alley through the court, in which my said dwelling-house is situated; and in case of failing in<br />performing this condition, I hereby devise all and singular the premises in this clause mentioned and de-<br />vised to Nicholas Waln, James Bringhurst, Thomas Fisher, Samuel Coates, Henry Drinker, Samuel<br />Hopkins, Isaac Cathrall, Thomas Scattergood, Samuel Sansom, John Field, Joshua Cresson, and John<br />Drinker, their heirs and assigns, for the purpose of repairing or building, or rebuilding the Alms-house,<br />or a house of employ, for the better accommodating the poor of our society.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to my niece Phebe Morris, during her natural life, all that my next house or old man-<br />sion, situated in Mulberry Court, with the lot back of it in Farmer's-alley, and both the frame tene-<br />ments thereon ; being bounded on the east by the lot sold by me to Jonathan Jones, and on the west by<br />a cartway, left for the use of the said court : also one half of the garden lot, south of my present dwel-<br />ling-house, bounded on the south by the lot sold by me to Jonathan Jones, in High-street, and eastward<br />by the lot on which my store room now stands, subject to the payment of thirty pounds per annum, to<br />my attendant Rachel Baremore, during the term of her natural life, in four equal quarterly payments : and<br />after the decease of the said Rachel Baremore, then subject to the payment of twelve pounds per annum,<br />payable thereout annually forever to the overseers of the public school, founded by charter, in the town<br />and county of Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, for the use of the negro school under the care of friends,<br />in the said city : and from and after the decease of the said Phebe Morris, I devise the premises in this<br />clause mentioned subject to the aforesaid annuities to Elizabeth Mifflin, the daughter of my niece Mar-<br />tha Mifflin, and from and after the decease of the said Elizabeth Mifflin, to the issue of the said Eliza-<br />beth Mifflin, lawfully begotten, and if she die, leaving no issue, then I devise the same subject to the<br />said annuities, to Thomas Mifflin, brother of the said Elizabeth Mifflin, and to Anthony Buckley and<br />their heirs equally to be divided as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants : and I do declare this<br />devise and several successive estates hereby limited and created to be subject to the same conditions, as to<br />building on the garden lot, or opening the alley as area in the last preceding devise expressed.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to Elizabeth Buckley, eldest daughter of my niece Sarah Buckley, during her natural<br />life, all that house and lot of ground adjoining my last mentioned house, and all the buildings on the<br />said lot of ground, erected in a straight line northward into the Horse-yard, with all the ways and water<br />courses thereto belonging, subject to the payment of twenty pounds per annum, to my said niece Sarah<br />Buckley, during her natural life ; and from and after her decease, subject to the payment of twelve<br />pounds per annum, payable annually thereout for ever to the overseers of the public school, founded by<br />charter, in the town and county of Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, for the use of the free negro school<br />under the care of friends in the said city ; and from and after the decease of the said Elizabeth Buckley,<br />I devise the same, subject to the aforesaid annuities, to the lawful issue of her body, equally to be divided<br />between them, share and share alike as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants ; and if she die,<br />leaving no issue, then I devise the same, subject to the aforesaid annuities, to her brother Anthony and<br />sister Sarah, their heirs and assigns equally to be divided between them as tenants in common.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to Hannah Cathrall and Rebecca Jones, and the survivor of them, during their natural<br />lives, all that my eastermost house and lot of ground in Mulberry-court, now in the tenure of Isaac Zane,<br />with</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 3</strong></h4>
<br /><p>with the chair house and stables thereto belonging, and the vacant ground at the east end of the said<br />dwelling house, together with the privilege of the Horse-yard, and all ways and water courses thereto<br />belonging : and I hereby will and direct that the said dwelling house be repaired by my executors, at the<br />cost of my estate ; and that during the lives of the said Hannah Cathrall and Rebecca Jones, and the<br />life time of the survivor of them, it be kept in good tenantable order, and the taxes thereon be paid out<br />of my estate : and from and after the decease of the survivor of my said two friends, I devise all and<br />singular the premises in this clause mentioned to Elizabeth Lightfoot, grand-daughter of my sister Eliza-<br />beth Shoemaker, her heirs and assigns for ever, subject to the payment of twelve pounds per annum, to<br />be thereout paid annually for ever to the overseers of the public school as foresaid, for the use of the<br />negro schools under the care of Friends in this city.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to Jonathan Jones, his heirs and assigns, all that my lot on the north side of High-<br />street, twenty-two feet in front, and in depth extending to the pallisade fence, south of my present man-<br />sion ; bounded on the east by a lot he purchased of me under certain restrictions which shall be observed<br />in this devise : also so far as respects incommoding my other dwellings.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to Rachel Baremore, during her natural life, all that my house and lot of ground in<br />Sixth-street ; and I hereby will and direct that my executors put the same in good repair, and dig, and<br />wall a cellar under the kitchen belonging to it, at the expense of my estate ; and this I wish to be done,<br />and the possession thereof delivered to the said Rachel, as soon as conveniently may be after my decease ;<br />and after the decease of the said Rachel, I devise the same house and lot of ground to Elizabeth Light-<br />foot, grand-daughter of my sister Elizabeth Shoemaker, and her heirs and assigns ; the paying thereout<br />to her mother Elizabeth Lightfoot, during the natural life of her mother, the sum of twenty-five pounds<br />per annum.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I devise to the aforesaid Rachel Baremore, during her natural life, all my ground rents as fol-<br />lows, viz. Ground rent in Race-street, paid by Joseph North, ten pounds. Two ground rents in Second-<br />Street, near Arch-Street, paid by Samuel Sansom, and Thomas Waters, fifty shillings each, five<br />pounds. One in Front-street, near Arch-street, paid by Benjamin Wynkoop, five pounds twelve<br />shillings and sixpence : and from and after her decease, I devise the fame to the contributors to the Penn-<br />sylvania Hospital, for the use of the said institution, which is not however to be deducted from the<br />debt I owe them.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> It is my intent and meaning, and I hereby will and direct that no forfeiture of any estate or<br />interest herein before devised, by reason of neglect or non-performance of any condition or proviso, shall<br />annul or defeat any annuity or charge made payable thereout.</p>
<br /><p><em>And</em> I do hereby also authorise and empower, all those persons, to whom I have devised annuities or<br />rent charges, their heirs, successors and assigns, as the case may be to enter and distrain from time to time<br />in case of non-payment thereof.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I will and direct that the devises to my niece Abigail Griffiths, and her son Samuel Powell<br />Griffiths, and also the devise of the dwelling house in Sixth-street, to Rachel Baremore, shall take effect<br />immediately after my decease ; and that my executors put them respectively into possession thereof, as<br />soon as my conveniently be ; but the other devises and the bequests hereafter mentioned shall not take<br />effect in possession, until by the sale of what is directed to be sold, and the receipt of the rents, issues and<br />profits, from the remainder of my estate, my executors shall have discharged all my debts, and raised the<br />beforementioned two separate funds of six hundred pounds, or such larger sum as shall be found necessa-<br />ry for the purposes of this will, and twelve hundred pounds for the purpose before mentioned.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> Being desirous that the Court in which I now dwell, shall be kept open for the health, and<br />convenience of the inhabitants, I direct that the garden lots herein before mentioned shall be always left<br />open, and unbuilt on, and that the lot on which my store room lately stood, shall be left open for public<br />use, as part of the said Court, and to enlarge the way therein.</p>
<br /><p>I give to my sister Elizabeth Shoemaker, my niece Sarah Buckley, and my niece Abigail Griffiths, all<br />my best wearing apparel, and the rest to Rachel Baremore.</p>
<br /><p>I also give to the said Rachel, all the furniture in the back room, commonly called the dining room ;<br />the back chambers in the second and third stories, and in the two small rooms in the second and third<br />story, with six cane chairs, and the easy chair in the front chamber ; the painted field bedstead in the<br />front garret, bed and bedding, and suit of red and white calico curtains used in the third story : as much<br />kitchen furniture, pewter, china, and queen's-ware as she thinks necessary for her : also, four diaper ta-<br />ble cloths, one damask table cloth, six damask napkins marked D. M. 12 in figures, six diaper nap-<br />kins, marked do. six pair of sheets and pillow cases, with whatever houshould common linen she may<br />want ; all the provision of every sort, and wood which may be in the house at the time of my<br />decease, without any account to be taken thereof; one silver porringer and six silver spoons, mark-<br />ed D. M.</p>
<br /><p><em>And</em> it is my will, that she be allowed to stay two months in my present mansion, or till my executors<br />put her into possession of the house before devised to her. And I request my beloved relations, Susanna<br />Jones, and Sarah Waln, to see that she has all things comfortable and necessary in her house, though<br />they may not be named here, for she has been faithful to my interest.</p>
<br /><p>I also desire that they will see my little maid Margaret Boyer is well cloathed and returned to her pa-<br />rents, to whom I give a silver spoon, marked D. M.</p>
<br /><p>And the residue of my furniture and linen, I give to my nieces Elizabeth Lightfoot, and Sarah Buck-<br />ley, senior, except some small matters which I have marked for some of my friends.</p>
<br /><p>And all the rest of my plate to my executors in trust for the several persons named in a schedule or list,<br />to be delivered to my executors, which I would not have inserted nor appraised in the inventory of my<br />estate.</p>
<br /><p>I give to Lydia Robinet, fifty pounds.</p>
<br /><p>To Sarah Blake, and Rachel Attmore, two widows, my tenants, ten pounds each.</p>
<br /><p>To</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 4</strong></h4>
<br /><p>To Rachel Attmore's daughter, Margaret fifteen pounds.</p>
<br /><p>To my friend, Phineas Buckley, fifty pounds.</p>
<br /><p>To his son Thomas, a silver pint cann, marked E. E. W.</p>
<br /><p>To his daughter, Elizabeth, a silver waiter or salver, with the same mark, they were their uncle and<br />aunt Williams', and also a small punch strainer.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I give to Sarah Waln, Lydia Wallace's two daughters, Mary and Hannah, Owen Jones,<br />Susanna Nancarrow, Jonathan Jones, Samuel Coates, Hannah Clifford, and Deborah Buckley, daughter<br />of Phineas Buckley, each of them, six silver table spoons, to be marked D. M.</p>
<br /><p><em>Item.</em> I give to the Philadelphia Dispensary, fifteen pounds.</p>
<br /><p>And to each of the children and grand-children of my deceased father, I give one quarto family bible,<br />a small memorandum of much love.</p>
<br /><p>And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives<br />will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due<br />to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage.</p>
<br /><p>Lastly, I appoint my trusty friends, Owen Jones, senior, Samuel Coates, my nephew Jonathan Jones,<br />Anthony Wistar Morris, grand-son of my brother Anthony, and Samuel Powel Griffiths, executors of<br />this my will, to whom I devise and bequeath all the rest and residue of my real and personal estate not<br />herein before devised, bequeathed and disposed of.</p>
<br /><p>In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and published and declared this to be<br />my will, the day and year first above written.</p>
<br /><p>But before executing the same, I authorize my executors, the survivors and survivor of them to make<br />titles for all such lands as I have agreed to convey.</p>
<br /><p>Written on four sheets of paper, in fourteen pages.<br />DEBORAH MORRIS.</p>
<br /><p>Signed, published, and declared as the last will and testament of the said Deborah Morris, in the pre-<br />sense of us who at her request have hereunto subscribed our names. The words and lot of ground in the<br />fourth page; the words and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten in the fifth page, and the<br />words and their heirs in the eighth page were interlined before signing.<br />CHARLES MOORE.<br />RICHARD HUMPHREYS.</p>
<br /><p>I give to Hannah Fairlamb, twelve pounds, to my nephew Isaac Morris, twenty-five pounds, and<br />to Catherine Cerrill, a little girl, two years English schooling, when she attains the age of twenty-one<br />years, and the sum of ten pounds with interest, from the time of my death, if she behaves well; and I<br />declare this to be a codical to my will.</p>
<br /><p>WITNESS,</p>
<br /><p>Will of<br />Deborah Morris<br />belonging to Elizabeth<br />Wistar</p>
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Title
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Will of Deborah Morris, 1793
Subject
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Morris, Deborah, 1724-1793 -- Will
Free African School (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Pennsylvania Hospital (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Philadelphia Dispensary
Quakers -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia
Women -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia
Wills -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia -- 1793
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Printed will of Deborah Morris in which she devised and bequeathed her exensive assets to family and others including her sister, Elizabeth Shoemaker, nieces, Elizabeth Lightfoot, Abigail Griffiths, Phebe Morris, Sarah Buckley, and to her attendant Rachel Baremore. Morris made provisions for funds to be paid to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia Dispensary and free negro school in the form of annual annuities from the devised properties. Concerning the annuities to the school Morris wrote: "And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage." Owen Jones, senior, Sauel Coates, Jonathan Jones, Anthony Wistar Morris and Samuel Powel Griffiths were named as executors.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Deborah Morris was the daughter of wealthy Philadelphian Anthony Morris. A Quaker, she was noted for her piety, individuality and eccentricity.</p>
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Morris, Deborah, 1724-1793
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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ca. 1793
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eng
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MS 2009.7
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copyright_notice:2011 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Title
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African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
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This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
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<p>INJURED HUMANITY ;<br />BEING<br /><em>A Representation of what the unhappy Children of Africa endure from those who call themselves</em> CHRISTIANS.</p>
<br /><p>The respectable and increasing numbers of those,<br />who, from motives of humanity, have concurred in<br />rejecting the produce of West-India slavery, cannot<br />but afford a subject of the sincerest joy to every<br />friend of mankind. Even those who, from motives<br />of interest, still favour or engage in the trade, have<br />been obliged to be silent upon the injustice of first<br />procuring the Negroes, and have not had the hardi-<br />ness to excuse or palliate the horrors of the <em>middle</em><br /><em>passage</em>: but still they assert, that the treatment the<br />slaves meet with in the West-Indies amply counter-<br />balances their previous sufferings; nay, they have not<br />scrupled to extol a state of servitude as a happy asy-<br />lum from African despotism, and calmly maintain,<br />that the condition of the labouring poor in England<br />is much harder than that of the Negroes in the West-<br />India islands. Upon this ground, the opposers of<br />slavery are willing to meet its advocates, and the<br />design of the following extracts is to enable the pub-<br />lic to form an impartial and decisive judgment on the<br />subject.</p>
<p>WHEN a ship arrives at the port in the West-In-<br />dies, the slaves are exposed to sale, (except those<br />who are very ill, they being left in the yard to perish<br />by disease or hunger.) The healthy are disposed of<br />by public auction, the sickly by scramble. The sale<br />by scramble is thus described; the ship being dark-<br />ened by sails, the purchasers are admitted, who,<br />rushing forward with the ferocity of brutes, seize as<br />many slaves as they have occasion for. In none of<br />the sales, is any care taken to prevent the separation<br />of relatives or friends; but husbands and wives, pa-<br />rents and children, are parted with as little con-<br />cern as sheep and lambs by the butcher. Abstract<br />of the evidence, as laid before a committee of the<br />British parliament, page 46 and 47.</p>
<p>With respect to the <em>general</em> treatment of the slaves,<br />Mr. Woolrich says, that he never knew the <em>best</em> mas-<br />ter in the West-Indies use his slaves so well, as the<br /><em>worst</em> master his servants in England. Abstract of<br />the evidence, see page 53.</p>
<p>To come to a more <em>particular</em> description of their<br />treatment, it will be proper to divide them into dif-<br />ferent classes: the first consisting of those bought<br />for the use of the <em>plantations</em>: the second of the in<br />and <em>out-door</em> slaves.</p>
<p>The field slaves are called out by daylight to their<br />work: if they are not out in time, they are flogged.<br />When put to their work, they perform it in rows, and,<br />without exception, under the whip of drivers, a cer-<br />tain number of whom are allotted to each gang.<br />Such is the <em>mode</em> of their labour: as to the time of it,<br />they begin at daylight, and continue with two inter-<br />missions (one for half an hour in the morning, the<br />other for two hours at noon) till sunset. Besides<br />this, they are expected to range about and pick grass<br />for the cattle, either during their two hours <em>rest</em> at<br />noon, or after the fatigues of the day.</p>
<p>Sir G. Young adds, that women were, in general,<br />considered to miscarry, from the cruel treatment they<br />met with: and Captain Hall says, that he has seen a<br />woman seated to give suck to her child, roused from<br />that situation by a severe blow from the cart-whip.<br />Abstract of the evidence, see pages 53, 54, 55.</p>
<p>The above account of their labour is confined to<br />that season of the year which is termed <em>out of crop</em>.</p>
<p>In the crop season, the labour is of much longer<br />duration. Mr. Dalrymple says, they are obliged to<br />work as long as they can, that is, as long as they can<br />keep awake or stand. Sometimes, through excess of<br />fatigue, they fall asleep, when it has happened to<br />those who feed the mills, that their arms have been<br />caught therein and torn off. Mr. Cook, on the same<br />subject, states, that they work, in general, eighteen<br />hours out of the twenty-four: he knew a girl lose<br />her hand by the mill while feeding it, being over-<br />come with sleep, she dropped against the rollers.<br />Abstract of the evidence, page 55, 56.</p>
<p>To this account of their labour, it should be add-<br />ed, that it appears, that on some estates, the slaves<br />have Sunday and Saturday afternoon to themselves;<br />on others, Sunday only, and on others, only Sunday in<br />part. It appears again, that <em>in crop</em>, on no estate have<br />they more than Sunday for the cultivation of their<br />own lands. Abstract of the evidence, page 56.</p>
<p>The point next to be considered is the <em>food</em> of the<br />slaves, which appears to be subject to no rule: on<br />some estates, they are allowed land; on others, provis-<br />ions; and some are allowed provisions and land<br />jointly. The best allowance is at Barbadoes, of which<br />the following is the account. The slaves, in gen-<br />eral, says Gen. Tottenham, appeared to be ill fed:<br />each slave had one pint of grain for 24 hours, and<br />sometimes, half a rotten herring. When the herrings<br />were <em>unfit for the whites</em>, they were bought up <em>for<br />the slaves</em>. Nine pints of corn, and one pound of<br />salt-fish a week, are, in general, the utmost allowance<br />As a proof that some have not food enough, Mr. Cook<br />says, that he has known both Africans and Creoles<br />eat the putrid carcasses of animals<em> through want</em>. Ab-<br />stract of the evidence, page 57 and 58.</p>
<p>As to the accusation of their being <em>thieves</em>, all the<br />evidences maintain, that it was on account of their<br />being <em>half starved</em>. Abstract of the evidence, p. 58.</p>
<p>Concerning the <em>property</em> of the field-slaves, all the<br />evidences agree in asserting, that they never heard of<br />a field-slave amassing such a sum as enabled him to<br />purchase his freedom. Abstract of the evidence,<br />page 60.</p>
<p>Having now described the state of the plantation,<br />it will be proper to say a few words on that of the<em> in</em><br />and <em>out-door </em>slaves.</p>
<p>The <em>in-door</em> slaves are allowed to be better cloth-<br />ed and fed, and less worked, than the plantation;<br />on account, however, of being constantly exposed to<br />the cruelty and caprice of their masters and mis-<br />tresses, their lives are rendered so wretched, that<br />they not unfrequently wish to be sent to the field:<br />the <em>out-door</em> slaves are porters, coopers, &c. who are<br />obliged to bring to their masters a certain sum every<br />day.</p>
<p>The ordinary punishment of the slaves are inflict-<br />ed by the whip and cow-skin. This, says Mr. Wool-<br />rich, is generally made of plaited cow-skin, with a<br />thick strong lash, it is so formidable an instrument,<br />that some of the overseers can by means of it take<br />skin off a horse's back, he has seen them lay the marks<br />of it into a deal board: the incisions (according to Dr.<br />Harrison and the Dean of Middleham) are some-<br />times so deep that you may lay your finger into the<br />wounds, and are such as no time can erase. As a<br />farther proof of the <em>severity</em> of the punishments, the<br />following facts are adduced. Mr. Fitzmaurice has<br />known pregnant women so severely whipped, as<br />to have miscarried in consequence of it. Davidson<br />knew a negro girl die of a mortification of her<br />wounds two days after whipping. Dr. Jackson re-<br />collects a negro dying under the lash, or soon after.<br />Abstract of the evidence, see page 66 and 67.</p>
<p>We now proceed to the <em>extraordinary</em> punishments,<br />in the infliction of which, malice, fury, and all the<br />worst passions of the human mind, rage with un-<br />bridled license. Benevolence recoils at the dreadful<br />perspective, and can scarce collect composure to<br />disclose the bloody catalogue.</p>
<p>Captain Rap has known slaves severely punished,<br />then put into the stocks, a cattle chain of sixty or<br />seventy pounds weight put on them, and a large<br />collar round their necks, and a weight of fifty-six<br />pounds fastened to the chain, when they were driv-<br />en afield: the collars are formed with two, three,<br />or four projections, which hinder them from lying<br />down to sleep.</p>
<p>A <em>negro</em> man, in Jamaica, (says Dr. Harrison) was<br />put on the picket so long, as to cause a mortification<br />of his foot and hand, on suspicion of robbing his<br />master, a public officer, of a sum of money, which<br />it afterwards appeared <em>the master had taken himself</em>.<br />Yet the master was privy to the punishment, and the<br />slave had no compensation. Abstract of the evi-<br />dence, page 69.</p>
<p>Mr. Fitzmaurice mentions the practice of drop-<br />ping hot lead upon the slaves, which he saw per-<br />formed by a planter of the name of Rushie in Ja-<br />maica, this same man, in three years, destroyed by<br />severity <em>forty negroes out of sixty</em>. The rest of the<br />conduct of this planter was suppressed by the house<br />of commons, as containing circumstances <em>too horrible<br />to be given to the world</em>.</p>
<p>An overseer on the estate where Mr. J. Turry was,<br />in Granada, threw a slave <em>into the boiling cane juice</em>,<br />who died in four days.</p>
<p>Captain Cook relates, that he saw a woman named<br />Rachel Lauder, beat a slave most unmercifully, and<br />would have murdered her, had she not been prevent-<br />ed; the girl's crime was, the not bringing money<br />enough from on board of a ship,<em> whither she had been<br />sent by her mistress, for the purpose of prostitution</em>.</p>
<p>Lieutenant Davidson relates, that the wife of the<br />clergyman at Port-Royal, used to drop hot sealing-<br />wax on her negroes after flogging; he was sent for<br />as surgeon to one of them whose breast was terribly<br />burnt.</p>
<p>If it should be asked, for what offences the punish-<br />ments cited have taken place, the following answer<br />may be given:</p>
<p>Under the head of <em>ordinary</em> punishments, the<br />slaves appear to have suffered for not coming to the<br />field in time, not picking a sufficient quantity of<br />grass, for staying too long of an errand, and theft,<br />to which they were often driven by hunger.</p>
<p>Under the head of <em>extraordinary</em> punishments, the<br />following have been alleged as reasons: for run-<br />ning away, for breaking a plate, or to extort con-<br />fession in the moments of passion, and one on a dia-<br />bolical pretence, which the master held out to the<br />world to conceal <em>his own villainy, and which he knew<br />to be false</em>. Women punish their slaves for being<br />found pregnant, for not bringing home the <em>full wages<br />of prostitution</em>, and others, without even <em>the allegation<br />of a fault</em>.</p>
<p>All the facts that have been now adduced are of<br />unquestionable authority, having been extracted from<br />the evidence laid before the house of commons by<br />eye-witnesses of the facts. Let now every honest<br />man lay his hand on his breast, and seriously reflect,<br />whether he is justifiable in countenancing such bar-<br />barities; or whether he ought not to reject, with<br />horror, the smallest participation in such infernal<br />transactions. To the weaker sex, whose amiable<br />characteristic it is, to be "tremblingly alive" to<br />every tale of wo, the friends of the abolition return<br />their warmest acknowledgments, for the zeal with<br />which many of them have espoused the cause of hu-<br />manity, and for the noble example they have shewn,<br />in rejecting the produce of slavery and misery.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>PRINTED AND SOLD BY SAMUEL WOOD, NO. 362, PEARL-STREET.</p>
Original Format
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Ink on paper
Dublin Core
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Title
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Injured humanity ; being a representation of what the unhappy children of Africa endure from those who call themselves Christians
Subject
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Slavery -- West Indies, British
Slaves -- West Indies, British -- Social conditions
Description
An account of the resource
<p>This anti-slavery broadside was written to encourage consumers to refrain from purchasing goods produced by West Indian slaves. It uses examples of abuses presented to Parliament and published in <em>An Abstract of the evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in the years 1790 & 1791 on the part of the petitioners for the abolition of the slave trade</em> to refute the arguments of pro-slavery apologists who "extol a state of servitude as a happy asylum ..."</p>
<p>The broadside was published by Samuel Wood of New York City. Wood was at the address noted in the imprint from 1805-1808. The engravings were created by Alexander Anderson. The text and illustrations in this broadside also appear in <em>The mirror of misery, or, Tyranny exposed</em> first issued by Wood in 1807.</p>
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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ca. 1805-1808
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
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jpeg
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eng
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Text
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MS 2011.5
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IPTC Array
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caption:CopyWork; "The Sorrows of Yamba; or "The Negro Woman's Lamentation;" ca. 1795; SCMS 2009.5
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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<p>Cheap Repository.</p>
<br /><p>The SORROWS of YAMBA ;<br /> Or, The Negro Woman's Lamentation.</p>
<br /><p>To the Tune of Hosier's Ghost</p>
<br /><p>"IN St. Lucie's distant Isle,<br />"Still with Afric's love I burn ;<br />"Parted many a thousand mile,<br />"Never, never to return.</p>
<p>"Come, kind death! and give me rest,<br />"Yamba has no friend but thee;<br />"Thou can'st ease my throbbing breast,<br />"Thou can'st set the Prisoner free.</p>
<p>"Down my cheeks the tears are dripping,<br />"Broken is my heart with grief;<br />"Mangled my poor flesh with whipping,<br />"Come kind death! and bring relief.</p>
<p>"Born on Afric's Golden Coast,<br />"Once I was as blest as you;<br />"Parents tender I could boast,<br />"Husband dear, and children too.</p>
<p>"Whity Man he came from far,<br />"Sailing o'er the briny flood,<br />"Who, with help of British Tar,<br />"Buys up human flesh and blood.</p>
<p>"With the Baby at my breast,<br />"(Other two were sleeping by)<br />"In my Hut I sat at rest,<br />"With no thought of danger nigh,</p>
<p>"From the bush at even tide<br />"Rush'd the fierce man-stealing Crew;<br />"Seiz'd the Children by my side,<br />"Seiz'd the wretched Yamba too.</p>
<p>"Then for love of filthy Gold,<br />"Strait they bore me to the sea;<br />"Cramm'd me down a Slave-ship's hold,<br />"Where were Hundreds stow'd like me.</p>
<p>"Naked on the platform lying,<br />"Now we cross the tumbling wave;<br />"Shrieking, sickening, fainting, dying,<br />"Deed of shame for Britons brave.</p>
<p>"At the savage Captain's beck,<br />"Now like Brutes they make us prance;<br />"Smack the Cat about the Deck,<br />"And in scorn they bid us dance.</p>
<p>"I in groaning pass'd the night,<br />"And did roll my aching head;<br />"At the break of morning light,<br />"My poor Child was cold and dead.</p>
<p>"Happy, happy, there she lies!<br />"Thou shalt feel the lash no more.<br />"Thus full many a Negro dies,<br />"Ere we reach the destin'd shore."</p>
<p>"Driven like Cattle to a fair,<br />"See they sell us young and old;<br />"Child from Mother too they tear,<br />"All for love of filthy Gold.</p>
<p>"I was sold to Massa hard,<br />"Some have Massas kind and good;<br />"And again my back was scarr'd,<br />"Bad and stinted was my food.</p>
<p>"Poor and wounded, faint and sick,<br />"All expos'd to burning sky,<br />"Massa bids me grass to pick,<br />"And I now am near to die.</p>
<p>What and if to death he send me,<br />"Savage murder tho' it be,<br />"British Laws shall ne'er befriend me;<br />"They protect not Slaves like me!"</p>
<p>Mourning thus my wretched state,<br />(Ne'er may I forget the day)<br />Once in dusk of evening late,<br />Far from home I dared to stray;</p>
<p>Dared, alas! with impious haste,<br />Tow'rds the roaring sea to fly;<br />Death itself I long'd to taste,<br />Long'd to cast me in and Die.</p>
<p>There I met upon the Strand<br />English Missionary Good,<br />He had Bible book in hand,<br />Which poor me no understood.</p>
<p>Then he led me to his Cot,<br />Sooth'd and pity'd all my woe;<br />Told me 'twas the Christian's lot<br />Much to suffer here below.</p>
<p>Told me then of God's dear Son,<br />(Strange and wond'rous is the story;)<br />What sad wrong to him was done,<br />Tho' he was the Lord of Glory.</p>
<p>Freely he his mercy proffer'd;<br />And to Sinners he was sent:<br />E'en to Massa pardon's offer'd:<br />O if Massa would repent!</p>
<p>Wicked deed full many a time<br />Sinful Yamba too hath done;<br />But she wails to God her crime;<br />But she trusts his only Son.</p>
<p>O ye slaves whom Massas beat,<br />Ye are stained with guilt within<br />As ye hope for mercy sweet,<br />So forgive your Massas' Sin.</p>
<p>And with grief when sinking low,<br />Mark the Road that Yamba trod;<br />Think how all her pain and woe<br />Brought the Captive home to God.</p>
<p>Now let Yamba too adore<br />Gracious Heaven's mysterious Plan;<br />Now I'll count thy mercies o'er,<br />Flowing thro' the guilt of man.</p>
<p>Now I'll bless my cruel capture,<br />(Hence I've known a Saviour's name)<br />'Till my Grief is turn'd to Rapture,<br />And I half forget the blame.</p>
<p>But tho' here a Convert rare<br />Thanks her God for Grace divine,<br />Let not man the glory share,<br />Sinner, still the guilt is thine.</p>
<p>Duly now baptiz'd am I<br />By good Missionary Man:<br />Lord my nature purify<br />As no outward water can!</p>
<p>All my former thoughts abhorr'd,<br />Teach me now to pray and praise;<br />Joy and glory in my Lord,<br />Trust and serve him all my days.</p>
<p>But tho' death this hour may find me,<br /><em>Still with Afric's love I burn,</em><br />(There I've left a spouse behind me)<br />Still to native land I turn.</p>
<p>And when Yamba sinks in death,<br />This my latest prayer shall be,<br />While I yield my parting breath,<br /><em>O that Afric might be free.</em></p>
<p>Cease, ye British Sons of murder!<br />Cease from forging Afric's Chain;<br />Mock your Saviour's name no further,<br />Cease your savage lust of gain.</p>
<p>Ye that boast<em> "Ye rule the waves,"</em><br />Bid no Slave Ship soil the sea,<br />Ye that <em>"never will be slaves,"</em><br />Bid poor Afric's land be free.</p>
<p>Where ye gave to war it's birth,<br />Where your traders fix'd their den,<br />There go publish <em>"Peace on Earth,"</em><br />Go proclaim <em>"good will to men."</em></p>
<p>Where ye once have carried slaughter,<br />Vice, and Slavery, and Sin;<br />Seiz'd on Husband, Wife, and Daughter,<br />Let the Gospel enter in.</p>
<p>Thus where Yamba's native home,<br />Humble Hut of Rushes stood,<br />Oh if there should chance to roam<br />Some dear Missionary good,</p>
<p>Thou in Afric's distant land,<br />Still shalt see the man I love;<br />Join him to the Christian band,<br />Guide his Soul to Realms above.</p>
<p>There no Fiend again shall sever<br />Those whom God hath join'd and blest:<br />There they dwell with Him for ever,<br />There <em>"the weary are at rest."</em></p>
<br /><p>Entered at Stationers Hall.]</p>
<p>Sold by J. MARSHALL,<br />(PRINTER to the CHEAP REPOSITORY for Religious and Moral Tracts) No. 17, Queen-Street, Cheap-side, and No. 4,<br />Aldermary Church-Yard, and R. WHITE, Piccadilly, LONDON.<br />By S. HAZARD,<br />PRINTER to the CHEAP REPOSITORY, at BATH; and by all Booksellers, Newsmen, and Hawkers in and Town Country.<br />Great Allowance will be made to Shopkeepers and Hawkers.<br />Price an Halfpenny, or 2s. 3d. per 100, 1s. 3d. for 50, 9 d. for 25.</p>
Original Format
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Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The sorrows of Yamba : or, The Negro woman's lamentation
Subject
The topic of the resource
Slave trade -- Africa
Slavery -- Poetry
Slavery -- St. Lucia -- Poetry
Women slaves -- St. Lucia -- Poetry
Description
An account of the resource
An antislavery poem sometimes attributed to Hannah Moore (1745-1833), who may have derived it from William Cowper's "The Negro's Complaint." This broadside is printed in three columns within an overall decorative border; the columns separated by decorative rules. Above the second column there is a woodcut of a white man (the English missionary in the poem) leading an African woman away from the shore. The woman's body is turned toward the water where she was intending to drown herself to escape enslavement. There is a fort with cannon and palm trees to the left of the pair suggesting a location in the West Indies (the St. Lucie [St. Lucia] of the poem). The poem describes Yamba's conversion and ends with a condemnation of "ye British Sons of Murder" who are engaged in the slave trade.
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1795
Rights
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
Identifier
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MS 2009.5
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The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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byline_title:Digital Imaging Technician/Photo
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>PRIZE GOODS EXAMINED</strong></p>
<br /><p>THE name prize goods is mostly given to goods taken on the seas, by armed vessels of nations at war with each other ; and sold by the captors. Some conscientious people refuse to purchase such goods, because the real owners do not receive the pay ; and because it would be encouraging robbery and murder ; also, becoming parties therein. All goods taken from the real owners, either by fraud or force, are prize goods, whether it be on sea or on land. All who purchase such goods (knowing them to be prize) are parties in the business, giving it count-tenance and substantial support. The persons employed as captors of the human species, who drag the Africans from their homes, and carry them to another country for sale, are guilty of the highest grade of felony ; and the captives so taken, are the highest grade of prize goods. To seize on a man's whole property and make prize of it, is certainly a high act of felony ; but to seize on the man himself, and make prize of him, is still higher. The captive being deprived of his liberty and all the natural rights of man, is compelled to hard labour, by his captor or purchaser : all the proceeds of his labour is taken from him, which is strictly prize goods. The slave being prize goods, his labour is prize goods also. he was made a slave for the sake of the proceeds of his labour, therefore the product of his labour is amongst the highest grade of prize goods. The purchaser of the goods is a party in the slave trade ; his money goes to the West-India planter, and from him to the Guinea merchant. Thus, countenancing and supporting each other, linked together as in a chain, the whole business is pushed on with vigor. The greater the demand is for the produce, the greater is the demand for slaves. The connexion between the slave trade, and the produce of the slaves' labor, is like the connexion between the tree and its fruit, or the root and the branch "If the root be holy, so are the branches." So also if the root be accursed, so are the branches. The root of the slave trade is avarice and luxury : and the trade in the produce of the slaves' labour is supported from the same root, avarice in the merchant, and luxury in the consumer.</p>
<p>Vessels are sometimes taken on the seas laden with the manufactures of Europe, where every one concerned in manufacturing the cargo, has been paid for his labour, and the vessel taken without the loss of any lives ; yet many would refuse to purchase goods so obtained, who would not hesitate to purchase goods extorted from slaves in the West-Indies by violence, injustice, cruelty and bloodshed ; which carries with it a resemblance of straining at a gnat and swallowing a camel.</p>
<p>There is but right and wrong, good and evil in the world, yet their grades are many. To refuse purchasing acknowledged prize goods, is to refuse being a party in violence and injustice ; also, to bear a testimony against it. Where are cruelty and injustice carried to the same extent that they are in the slave trade? Where is the testimony, that the purchasers and consumers of the fruit of slavery, do bear against it? To answer in truth, we must say, they are all parties in the business and their testimony is for it. The beginners of the slave trade are the merchants who send their ships to Africa, to carry them across the ocean ; and the finishers, are the consumers of their labour ; they are the Alpha and the Omega of the business. The people employed in the Guinea ships, who drag them from their homes, the planters in the islands who purchase them, the merchants who import the produce of the slaves' labour, the retailers and consumers thereof, are all accessaries in the business : they all assist in turning a wheel in that vast and complicated machine of iniquity. This great engine of destruction, is formed of the parts above described ; they are the machine, and contain in themselves the cause of its motion ; they constitute a complete whole. Take from it the consumers, and the whole machine must stop.</p>
<p>The merchant will not import an article for which there is no demand : the slave holder in the islands, will have no disposition to buy slaves, when the fruits of their labour will not sell. The Guinea ships will cease to haunt the coast of Africa in quest of slaves, when there is no demand for them in the islands. Then that fountain of human blood which hath been flowing in Africa so long, would be dried up ; and the carnage and misery attending the traffic in human flesh would cease.</p>
<p>This great fountain of human blood, that hath been flowing on the continent of Africa for ages, whose streams have stained the shores of America, and the West Indies ; is kept in motion, and supported by the consumers of the proceeds of slavery. They are the subscribers that furnish the fund by which the whole business is carried on. A merchant who loads his vessel in the West-Indies with the produce of slavery, does nearly as much at helping forward the slave trade, as him that loads his vessel in Africa with slaves ; they are both twisting the same rope at different ends.</p>
<p>The feasts of the luxurious may be called banquets of human flesh and blood ; and the partakers thereof considered as cannibals, devour-ing their own species ; if we take into consideration the great destruction in Africa, by the warfare carried on in taking slaves ; secondly, in transporting them to the islands in the Guinea ships ; and lastly, in seasoning them ; which is seasoning them to cruel whipping, hunger, and hard labour, which they undergo in the culture of the cane, and the manufacture of sugar, where they are in a few years destroyed.</p>
<p>I believe the whole weight of human beings that have been destroyed in the slave trade, in the cultivation of the cane, and making sugar, would equal one half of the weight of all the sugar that ever came from the West Indies : and may be fairly charged to its account.</p>
<p>How is this vast destruction of the rational creation of God, to be accounted for, to him whose justice is infinite ; who will not behold iniquity with approbation? On whom will the guilt of this great sacrifice to avarice and luxury fall? Certainly on the whole copartnership, who are parties in the business.</p>
<p>Having demonstrated that the West-India produce is prize goods, and the sale of those goods to be the support of the slave trade, and of consequence the purchasers to be parties in the business ; it may not be amiss to observe, that the receiver of stolen goods is said to be equal to the thief. It is something paradoxical that a man will refuse to buy a stolen sheep, or to eat a piece of one that is stolen, and should not have the same scruples respecting a stolen man.</p>
<p>The apostle Paul, in endeavouring to remove the strong Jewish prejudices for the Mosaic Law, said, "Whatsoever is sold in the sham-bles that eat, asking no questions for conscience sake." 1 Cor. x. 25. But that was relative to clean and unclean beasts ; and their manner of killing them ; I have a much better opinion of Paul, than to believe he meant any thing stolen, or taken by robbery and violence from its right owner.</p>
<p>If any one, after having fully considered the slave trade, the manner of their treatment in the West-Indies; and the manner in which the produce of their labour is obtained ; if he feel no doubts about partaking thereof, any more than he would about any thing obtained by the strictest honesty, then I have nothing to say to him ; but if he is fearful and feels doubts that all is not right, I will put him in mind of what Paul says : "He that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith ; for whatsoever is not of faith is sin."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Prize goods examined
Subject
The topic of the resource
Antislavery movements -- England
Slave trade -- Africa
Slave trade -- Great Britain
Slave trade -- West Indies, British
Slavery -- West Indies, British
Description
An account of the resource
British anti-slavery broadsheet denouncing the slave trade to the West Indies. The writer calls the enslaved and everything taken from them prize goods. The writer states that those who buy the products slave labor are complicit in the slave trade and the institution of slavery.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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ca. 1807
Rights
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Recto</strong></h4>
<br /><p style="text-align:center;">THIRD CONGRESS<br />OF THE<br />UNITED STATES :<br />AT THE FIRST SESSION,<br />Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania<br />on Monday, the second of December, one thousand seven<br />hundred and ninety-three.</p>
<br /><p><em>An</em> ACT<em> to prohibit the carrying on the Slave-trade from the United States to any</em><br /><em>foreign place or country</em>.</p>
<p>Sec. 1.<em> Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United</em><br /><em>States of America, in Congress assembled</em>, That no citizen or citizens<br />of the United States, or foreigner, or any other person coming into, or residing<br />within the same, shall, for himself or any other person whatsoever, either as<br />master, factor or owner, build, fit, equip, load or otherwise prepare any ship<br />or vessel, within any port or place of the said United States, nor shall cause any<br />ship or vessel to sail from any port or place within the same, for the purpose of<br />carrying on any trade or traffic in slaves, to any foreign country ; or for the<br />purpose of procuring, from any foreign kingdom, place or country, the inha-<br />bitants of such kingdom, place or country, to be transported to any foreign<br />country, port or place whatever, to be sold or disposed of, as slaves : And if<br />any ship or vessel shall be so fitted out, as aforesaid, for the said purposes, or<br />shall be caused to sail, so as aforesaid, every such ship or vessel, her tackle<br />furniture, apparel and other appurtenances, shall be forfeited to the United<br />States ; and shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted and condemned, in any<br />of the circuit courts or district court for the district, where the said ship or<br />vessel may be found and seized.</p>
<p>Sec. 2. <em>And be it further enacted,</em> That all and every person, so building<br />fitting out, equipping, loading, or otherwise preparing, or sending away,<br />any ship or vessel, knowing, or intending, that the same shall be employed<br />in such trade or business, contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act,<br />or any ways aiding or abetting therein, shall severally forfeit and pay the sum<br />of two thousand dollars, one moiety thereof, to the use of the United States,<br />and the other moiety thereof, to the use of him or her, who shall sue for and<br />prosecute the same.</p>
<p>Sec. 3. <em>And be it further enacted,</em> That the owner, master or factor of each<br />and every foreign ship or vessel, clearing out for any of the coasts or king-<br />doms of Africa, or suspected to be intended for the slave-trade, and the suspi-<br />cion being declared to the officer of the customs, by any citizen, on oath or<br />affirmation, and such information being to the satisfaction of the said officer,<br />shall first give bond with sufficient sureties, to the Treasurer of the United<br />States, that none of the natives of Africa, or any other foreign country or<br />place, shall be taken on board the said ship or vessel, to be transported, or<br />sold as slaves, in any other foreign port or place whatever, within nine<br />months thereafter.</p>
<p>Sec. 4. <em>And be it further enacted,</em> That if any citizen or citizens of the<br />United States shall, contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, take<br />on board, receive or transport any such persons, as above described, in this</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Verso</strong></h4>
<br /><p>act, for the purpose of selling them as slaves, as aforesaid, he or they shall<br />forfeit and pay, for each and every person, so received on board, transported<br />or sold as aforesaid, the sum of two hundred dollars, to be recovered in any<br />court of the United States propert to try the same : the one moiety thereof,<br />to the use of the United States, and the other moiety to the use of such per-<br />son or persons, who shall sue for and prosecute the same.</p>
<p>FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG,<br /><em>Speaker of the House of Representatives.</em></p>
<p>JOHN ADAMS<br /><em>Vice-President of the United States,</em><br /><em>and President of the Senate.</em></p>
<p>APPROVED - March the twenty-second 1794.</p>
<p>G<sup>o</sup> : WASHINGTON, <em>President of the United States.</em></p>
Original Format
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Ink on paper
Dublin Core
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Title
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Third Congress of the United States: at the first session, begun and held at the city of Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, on Monday, the second of December, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three. An act to prohibit the carrying on the slave-trade from the United States to any foreign place or country
Subject
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Slave trade -- United States
Creator
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United States. Congress (3rd, 1st session : 1793-1794)
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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1794
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
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jpeg
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
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Text
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<h4><strong>Page 1</strong></h4>
<br /><p>S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas Nov<sup>r</sup>. 10<sup>th</sup> 1801</p>
<p>Wm. E. Green Esq<sup>r</sup>.</p>
<p>You may be supprised [sic] to find<br />a letter dated from this place but more so on seeing<br />from whome it comes. I am now in that part of<br />the world which was tho<sup>t</sup> to be totally uninhabited<br />by the ancients and not only so but under the<br />tropicks it was tho<sup>t</sup> impossible for man to subsist.<br />I assure you I cannot express my fealings on first<br />landing in this Island every face bore such horid<br />looks compared with what had ever come under<br />my observation before that had I not the strong-<br />est nerves in the world I shold have been in an-<br />other world for fear of being there. I shall take the<br />liberty to give you a short description of the Isla-<br />nd: at least that part of it which I have seen.<br />St. Thomas is a small Island in the Carabian Sea<br />about Thirty miles in length from E. to W. it<br />contains Six thousand inhabitants of all Cullers<br />the situation of the only Town or City is peculiarly<br />unhealthy at all seasons it Contains Three</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 2</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Three thousand dweling houses and Stores it is surround<br />ed with high mountains except at the mouth of<br />the harbour or inlett [sic] which is quite narrow. I<br />cannot give you a better idea than what you<br />may have from this simile. Picture to yourself<br />the lower part of Providence towards India point<br />and a small harbour before it and on the<br />back side mountains whose tops are almost always<br />hid in Clouds you will then have a faint Idea<br />of this place. The houses are small without any<br />Glass or Chimneys and principally built of wood<br />not any of them more than two story high with-<br />out paint and of a dirty appearance. The inhabit-<br />ants are from every Country in the world not except<br />-ing New England and the country that produces<br />most scoundrels is that which furnishes the most<br />Colonists to the Danes. You may here find a hundred<br />men which will for the paltry sum of five Joes<br />swear any oath that should be required of them.<br />The reason I mention five Joes as the sum is be-<br />cause this is the extent of their demand in such<br />cases and when I tell you that our American</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 3</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Citizens are the principal employers of those wretches<br />you will hardly believe me. The principal trade is<br />carryed on by Americans under Danish Cullers as<br />by the Laws of the U. States the slave trade is probhib-<br />ited which is the only trade from this place except<br />to the Spanish Main. The Americans come to this<br />Island and take out a set of Papers by means of<br />those poor wretches who I have before mentioned<br />who go forward to the Customhouse and clear<br />out the Vessel as Danish property he who does<br />the business gits a small fee and is obliged<br />to live on that until another opportunity offers<br />to purger himself again, in this manner is<br />avoided that humane act of the U. States to prevent<br />the enslaving of the poor unfortunate Africans<br />In this place there is Six (perhaps ten) Blacks to<br />one White yet through the ignorance and fatal<br />stupor in which the poor wretches are cept they<br />are not a bit remooved from the Broot creation in<br />point of treatment by the Whites in America<br />at least as far South as N. York the Blacks are<br />princes compared with them here. I have often</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 4</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Heard of the manner in which they were treated<br />but must say the cruelty which is exercised to-<br />wards them is more than I had any conception<br />it was possable that a human being could bear</p>
<p>I am every day visiting the most celebrated<br />places of resort in the Country and making<br />my observations on every Tree & Plant which strikes<br />my eye with novelty but fearing to be thought<br />inquisitive, a thing which I hate in an other, I<br />am not able to make all those inquireys [sic] which<br />are necessary to give you any propper discription<br />of them. I am situated in the most pleasant<br />part of the town and enjoy the best air which<br />can be had yet the perspiration is constantly poor<br />-ing from me and having nuthing but Cistern<br />or rain water to drink I find myself rather loos-<br />ing flesh and was it not for my good sperits I<br />should have been sick once or twice already<br />but this is a digression. The Trees most common<br />in this place are the Cocoa nut the Tamarind<br />and the Guava. The Cocoa Nut Tree is most<br />beautifull it grows about forty to fifty feet</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 5</strong></h4>
<br /><p>high perfectly strait within about ten feet of the<br />top the leaves or lims put out when the tree<br />is small or untill the nuts begin to grow which<br />is about ten years the lims or leaves fall as the<br />tree grows in height until it arrives to perfection<br />the Bark is nearly of the culler of the Birch-<br />thorn. The leave or lims as I cannot [1 word illegible]them<br />are truly eligent they grow from the tree in<br />Circles horizontally and from the trunk to the<br />end they are ten or twelve feet and grow like<br />locust leaves not in shape but order the leaves<br />are shaped like flags tapering from the center<br />to the points. The fruit or nuts grow from the trunk<br />in large Bunches beginning where the first<br />sets on and tapering one bunch after an-<br />other to the top you will laugh at my being<br />so particular but when I tell you that after<br />this discription you cannot scarcely conceive of<br />the beauty of this Tropical Tree. The Tamarind<br />Tree is large and eligent and had it any small<br />thorns I should say no more than that it must<br />be a species of Locust the leaf exactly resembles</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 6</strong></h4>
<br /><p>that tree and the pod is not the least different<br />in shape and size from the honey Locust.<br />The size of the trees in this country is smaller<br />than in America. The Guava Tree is small<br />the trunk in form resembles the stock of a<br />Cabbage they never grow more than Twenty<br />feet high and about six inches over, the leaf<br />is like the Coffee Bean from this tree is taken<br />allmost all the fruit which is sent preserved<br />to America they are very prolific and like<br />man but short lived. I shall send home some<br />of the gelly which you will be supprised to<br />taist. it is as far before any thing of this kind<br />we have in America as that country is<br />before this. The Fruit although a great luxury<br />to the natives is very insipid to Foreigners<br />The low lands as we call them but savannahs<br />as thay are called by us West Indians are all<br />covered with the sensative plant and it is<br />impossible for them to ever eradicate it as<br />the least fibre left in the earth will spring<br />up and soon cover a large Feald.</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 7</strong></h4>
<br /><p>I suppose I have grown tedious in dweling on<br />subjects so opposite to your profession but I<br />have long since finished my business at this<br />Island and only wait a passage to Mar-<br />tinico where I shall find trash sufficient<br />to spoil a few sheats more. I can do nothing<br />but stair and write and the former I am<br />sure you are well convinced I have done<br />enough of and the latter I am not yet done<br />with. I will now discribe a plantation<br />to you as near as three days acquaintance<br />with an old Planter will enable me with<br />the knowledge I have gain’d from [1 word illegible]<br />demonstration in the same time. This plan-<br />tation is worked by Ninety Blacks it pro-<br />duces Cane which produces sugar & Rum<br />There is now under cultivation one hundred<br />acres of cane which is planted about half as<br />far apart as we generally plant corn<br />instead of hills it is in ditches or drains<br />where all the water can settle (for want<br />of which planters are often beggard) and</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 8</strong></h4>
<br /><p>the plants stand much thicker than we let<br />Corn, in this plantation they make two<br />Crops Annually from the same ground.<br />The planters whose dependance is on his crop<br />and should one fail he is obliged to pinch<br />his poor Negroes from a Mackrel a day<br />to half of one and a sea bisket. You have<br />no Idea of the manner these poor mis-<br />erable creatures work early and late to<br />support an idle drunken master who<br />neather has pity for their misery nor<br />thanks for their services. The Cane will<br />on this Plantation make seven hun-<br />dred Hhds. of Sugar and half as many pun-<br />cheons of rum. I am sure was it not<br />that I should be thought singular I<br />would never taist sugar or rum more<br />as it is the very Blood of the Africans<br />in the strictest sense of the word. On<br />every plantation they have small huts built<br />of small sticks and stuck together with clay in<br />which every insect which is disagreeable is sure to</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 9</strong></h4>
<br /><p>conceal it self and in the knight sally out upon<br /><br />the poor weary labourer. When one of the negroes<br />becomes sick he is immediately sent into quarters<br />to receive the advice of the Doctor as he is call’d but<br />he generally speaking is a man who knows nothing<br />about Physic more than simples. This man generally<br />is a relation of the Planter and will do every kind<br />of drudgery to curry favor having common-<br />ly his earnings to himself he then looks into the<br />Billiard room and often leaves it by drawing an<br />order for a large amot. on his planter. You may<br />think the sick is well attended but to the contrary<br />This man visits sick quarters every day and leaves<br />some medicine but the ignorence of the poor<br />unfortunate African will not allow him to know<br />what is necessary and not having any one to<br />administer relief to them they linger out a<br />most miserable existance through ignorence on<br />their part and unpardonable neglect on the<br />part of these breakers of Mankind. The Negroes<br />have cause to commit sueside every day but to<br />the want of despiration add the hope which</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 10</strong></h4>
<br /><p>they have of returning to the East again. I have<br />seen more solemnity in this place in worship<br />than I ever saw and I really think the thing<br />is worth relating. I observed to my old instructer<br />the Planter that one of the blacks had a coun-<br />tinance above his condition at the same time<br />pointing out poor, June, yes replyed the old<br />fellow he is the damdest heritick I ever saw<br />and he is the only man on my works which will<br />not be Baptised he will have his times of worship<br />and the lash will not beat out of his head the<br />worship of Allah, I asked the old man where he<br />proformed his worship, he on his return to the<br />house stop’d at the place. You may judge my<br />astonishment at seeing the place of worship<br />of an old monarch of the East only covered<br />with some thatch and the inside made of<br />stones laid in a singular manner. The door<br />was arched and a regular assent for three<br />feet was made by plaising small stones in<br />the form of pavements until it reached the<br />back part which was seven feet there was</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 11</strong></h4>
<br /><p>placed a square stone facing the East on which<br />was cut some carrectors which appeared to be ar-<br />rabick at the foot of the stone was several pie-<br />ces of old dark parchment covered with letters<br />in the same language. Here every day at the<br />riseing and going down of the sun this old<br />June came to worship. His face had something<br />in it which spoke better times than slavery<br />and could he have spoke my language I would<br />have had a conversation with him and used<br />my exertions to have made him more happy. At<br />eavening I attended at his place of service and<br />he soon arrived on his going into the place<br />he fell on his face and remained in that<br />poster for some moments he then steped for-<br />ward to his altar or table of commandments<br />and there red aloud in a singular tone of<br />voice with his finger following from place<br />to place on the stone as I supposed all that<br />was wrote on it. he then took up one piece<br />of the parchment after an other and red<br />making singular jestures. I observed he never</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 12</strong></h4>
<br /><p>once turned his face from the East during all<br />the time of reading. His beard appeared to have<br />never been cut but lay smooth on his face. he<br />wept constantly from the time of falling<br />down and seeing the poor wretch so affected<br />I could not refrain from joining in simpathy<br />(although my fealings are hard of movement)<br />The old Planter said he should soon sell him<br />as he could not be trobled with his d----d odd<br />way. But he said the man was too knowing<br />for a slave and that at the Havanna they<br />would make him a Cristion immediately<br />where he ment to send him. The planter prom-<br />ised to give me some of his writing which he<br />said he had in the house but by some means<br />had got mislaid. I am well aware of my<br />unhappy way of expressing my ideas in dis-<br />criptive writing but know you will pardon<br />me where bad expressions crept in on any<br />occasion. I shall now give you a short dis -<br />cription of two old castles which have<br />been here for more than one hundred years</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 13</strong></h4>
<br /><p>they were built By Blackbeard the most famous<br />pirot the British nation had produced in those times<br />you certainly have red of the Buckanneers who was<br />the terror of all the Spanish Colonies in America<br />They were not only in a manner governed by Black<br />beard but generally led on by him to action. They twice<br />took the City of Carthagena and not only plundered it but<br />Luguira they almost distroyed. They then retired to<br />this Island where they were determined to share<br />the plunder and defend themselves by fortifying<br />the high mountains at the foot of the Harbour<br />The Building which I examined was about<br />sixty feet high of a circular form the walls, four<br />feet thick of a very strong kind of stone scemented<br />together by a marine substance five different stories<br />high and covered with an arch, in each<br />story is fiftein portholes large enough to admit a<br />swivel. Although these buildings have stood as appears<br />by some old Books found in them more than one<br />hundred & fifty four years yet they are quite<br />strong and the wood (which is of a kind not<br />known in America called Iron wood) is as</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 14</strong></h4>
<br /><p>perfectly sound as when first put in. The only<br />enterance is about Ten feet from the ground.<br />The walls being covered with a smooth plaster<br />renders it difficult to explore it. How happy would<br />it be for the good Citizens of the United States<br />to have all the pirots in these Islands confined<br />within these walls. The Laws of this island<br />will not allow the Whites to mary into any family<br />of culler however there is more molattoes bred<br />than either whites or Blacks. The only thing I<br />can attibet it to is the great influx of for<br />eigners from Europe. this being a free port in<br />times of peace & war. There is but few men<br />who do not keep a woman for the time they<br />remain in the place. I am sorry to see so great<br />a difference cept up between the blacks & molats<br />as soon the time will arrive when all these<br />Islands must be in the possession of the people<br />of culler. I have living in the next room to me<br />a woman who has received an education far<br />superior to any of the white Ladies who I<br />have been introduced to. She was four years</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 15</strong></h4>
<br /><p>at the famus school at Bethleham in Pensylvania<br />where she made every improvement which adorns<br />the human heart but being doom’d to live under<br />laws which in every eye must appear unjust &<br />unnatural and having the Common passions<br />of nature she has become the mistress of an English<br />Gent<sup>n</sup>. of fortune and is subject to the unpleasing<br />calumny of strangers who are not acquainted with<br />the cause from whence the eavil springs.<br />She is truly beautiful when compared with the<br />women which I have seen here and was it not for<br />the difference of culler which is hardly to be per-<br />ceived she would eclipse your unripened beauties<br />of the North. The pleasure with which I converce<br />with hir is heightened when I considder hir pres-<br />ent situation was not of hir own choosing but<br />put upon hir by a mother who although rich<br />has a heart as cold as the brest which contains<br />it. I am led to believe she is as strictly virtuous<br />as any marryed lady in the place. But she is<br />still subject to the caprice of the man who is<br />hir keeper for want of that solemn tye which</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Page 16</strong></h4>
<br /><p>unstable man requires to keep him within due<br />bounds. I hope soon to have the pleasure<br />of seeing you as I beforementioned my having<br />compleated my mission in this Island and<br />only wait the want of a passage to Martinieo<br /> where I shall be detained for some time. I<br />never felt the unpleasing want of Friends<br />more than in this place. I being a stranger<br />do not know who to confide in and of course<br />am obliged to be extreamly on my gard or<br />git into bad company. Every day I have<br />numberless invitations to the Biliard Tables<br />& Card partys but not being much acquainted<br />with either of those professions I chuse a walk to<br />the cuntry rather than the former. I have dined<br />out almost every day since my arrival but<br />have not fell in with the custom of the place<br />entirely which is to take more wine than is<br />necessary for the support of perspiration<br />You may expect to hear further from me when<br />I arrive at Martinieo until which I remain<br />your Brother<br />Meltiah Green</p>
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Ink on paper
Dublin Core
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Title
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Meltiah Green letter to William E. Green, 1801 November 10
Subject
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Green, Meltiah, 1779-1809 -- Correspondence
Green, William E. -- Correspondence
Plantation life -- United States Virgin Islands -- Saint Thomas
Slave trade -- United States
Slave trade -- United States Virgin Islands -- Saint Thomas
Slavery -- United States Virgin Island -- Saint Thomas
Muslims -- United States Virgin Islands -- Saint Thomas
Slaves -- Medical care -- United States Virgin Islands -- Saint Thomas
Saint Thomas (United States Virgin Islands) -- Description and travel
African Americans -- Education -- Pennsylvania -- Bethlehem
Description
An account of the resource
Letter from Meltiah Green, St. Thomas, November 10, 1801 to his brother William E. Green, Worcester, Massachusetts. Green describes St. Thomas giving particular attention to the trees and Black Beard's Castle. He discusses the treatment of slaves including their medical care and the religious practice of an enslaved Muslim who refused to be Christianized. Green explains how Americans in St. Thomas circumvent American laws against the slave trade by having foreigners register their ships and flying them under the Danish flag. Green also relates to his brother how slave women are sexually exploited by their white masters. He writes about the case of one such woman who "was four years at the famus school at Bethleham in Pensylvania ..." While Green deplored the treatment of slaves by their masters, he wasn't moved to action. About consuming the products of slave labor Green wrote "I am sure was it not that I should be thought singular I would never taist sugar or rum more as it is the very Blood of the Africans ..."
Creator
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Green, Meltiah, 1779-1809
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1801
Rights
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
Identifier
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
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Text
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<h4><strong>Page 1</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Dear Sir,</p>
<p>Your Man calls on me after dark for an answer<br />to the Letter he delivered to me this Day. I am entirely unacquainted<br />with Templemans Claim, being not possessed of the Books or Papers<br />of the Estate. They are at present in the Hands of Mr. J. S. Woodcock,<br />Deputy Clerk of North<sup>d</sup>., who with M<sup>r</sup>. James Knott are employed<br />in executing the Business of M<sup>r</sup>. Floods Est<sup>ate</sup>. I shall take the first<br />Opportunity of enquiring into the matter, & shall think myself<br />happy in serving your Interest. in the Mean Time by applying<br />to either of those persons, you may be sooner satisfied of the state<br />of Templemans Claim.</p>
<p>You were kind enough to say, thay you had destined<br />Part of the money, due from the State, to the discharge of my Ballan[ce]<br />I shall be much in want of it very shortly, and as it will save you<br />trouble, to give me an order on Col.<sup>o</sup>. [1 word illegible] who I am told has the<br />Public Accounts incurred by the Troops in Northumberland. I shall<br />take leave to send to you for that Purpose this Week, if I should<br />be prevented, myself, from being at Nomony Hall, which is a Satis<br />-faction I have for some Time promised myself in vain.</p>
<p>I have been concerned at a report that the Small Pox had<br />broke out amongst some of your Negroes, but as you mention it not,<br />I willingly hope that y<sup>e</sup> report is groundless, I am D<sup>r</sup>. Sr<sup>.</sup> with much respect<br />Y<sup>r</sup>. vy hl. Sev<sup>t</sup>.<br />W. Jones</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Address leaf</strong></h4>
<br /><p>To<br />The Honorable Robert Carter Esquire<br />Nomony-Hall</p>
<p>Doct. W. Jones<br />9<sup>th</sup> Nov<sup>r</sup> 1776</p>
Original Format
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Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Walter Jones letter to Robert Carter, III, 1776 November 9
Subject
The topic of the resource
Carter, Robert, 1728-1804 -- Correpondence
Jones, Walter, 1745-1815 -- Correspondence
Flood, William, -approximately 1775 -- Estate
Physicians -- Virginia -- Correspondence
Slaves -- Diseases -- Virginia
Smallpox -- Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Letter from Walter Jones to Robert Carter, III of Nomony Hall concerning the estate of William Flood (Jones' father-in-law), the public accounts incurred by the troops in Northumberland and rumors of a smallpox outbreak amongst Carter's slaves. Jones writes that the Flood estate is being administered by John S. Woodcock, deputy clerk or Northumberland, and James Knott.</p>
<p>Walter Jones was a student at William and Mary with Thomas Jefferson. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh with an M.D. in 1769. Upon his return to Virginia, he practiced medicine and served in the House of Delegates during the Revolution. He was a delegate to the convention at Annapolis and served in the U.S. Congress from 1797 to 1799.</p>
Creator
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Jones, Walter, 1745-1815
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1776
Rights
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
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eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4>Page 1</h4>
<br /><p>Norfolk<br />County</p>
<br /><p>James Nimmo attorney of our Sovereign Lord the King<br />who for our said Sovereign Lord the King comes into Court in<br />his proper person before his Majesties Justices of Oyer and –<br />Terminer & prays the Court afors<sup>d</sup> to Understand and be Infor<br />med that Amy a negro woman Slave belonging to M<sup>r</sup>. Ja<sup>s</sup>. Holt<br />of the County of Norfolk the fear of God not having before her Eyes<br />but being Seduced and Instigated by the Devil on the 6<sup>th</sup>. Day of<br />Dec<sup>ber</sup>: 1751 at the parish of Elz<sup>bth</sup> River and County of Norfolk<br />at Twelve of the Clock in the Night of the Same day w<sup>th</sup>:<br />force and arms [?] the mansion house of a Certain Cap<sup>t</sup>. John<br />Willoughby of the parish and County afors<sup>d</sup>: did Break and enter<br />w<sup>th</sup>: Intent fulloniously to Steal the goods & Chattles of the<br />Said John then and there being (to wit) one hand Basket, Two<br />pair of thread Stockins 2 Muslin Handerchiffs, Two pair of<br />Womens Stockins, one Black hood Two Ocher Handerchiffs<br />one Towole[?], one pillow Case, one Sheet, Two yards New Linnen<br />three Linnen Handerchiffs, one Ocher Sheet, Two Ribbons Two<br />yards Cours Linnen, and three Balls of thread<br />a small Japan Box a piece of Courtain<br />in all of the Value of Ten pounds Curr<sup>t</sup> money of Virg<sup>a</sup>: the<br />proper goods and Chattles of the said Cap<sup>t</sup>: John Willoughby<br />did fulloniously steal take and Carry away against the<br />Peace of our said Sovereign Lord the King now his Crown and dignitie &c.</p>
<br /><p>James Nimmo</p>
<br /><h4>Verso</h4>
<p>The King<br />vs<br />Negro</p>
Original Format
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Ink on paper
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Indictment of slave Amy, 1751
Subject
The topic of the resource
Amy
Holt, James, -1779
Willoughby, John -1776
African American women -- Virginia -- Norfolk County
Theft -- Virginia -- Norfolk County
Women slaves -- Virginia -- Norfolk County
Indictments (legal documents) -- Virginia -- Norfolk County -- 18th century
Description
An account of the resource
Indictment in the hand of James Nimmo, King's Attorney for Norfolk County addressed to the justices of the Court of Oyer and Terminer. In the document Nimmo relates how "Amy a negro woman Slave belonging to Mr. Jas. Holt of the County of Norfolk the fear of God not having before her Eyes but being seduced and instigated by the Devil ..." entered the home of John Willoughby and stole his goods and chattels. Docketed on the verso: "King vs. Negro."
Creator
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Nimmo, James, -1753
Virginia. Court of Oyer and Terminer (Norfolk County)
Publisher
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Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1751
Rights
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This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Recto</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Know all men by these presents that I Rich<sup>d</sup>. Jackman of Lincoln County in<br /> the state of Virginia am held and firmly bound unto Richard Steel of the same<br /> place in the Just and full sum of one hundred and forty pound Currant<br /> and Lawfull money of Virginia to be paid unto him his heirs Exe or<br /> Adm<sup>rs</sup> or assigns which payment well and truly to be maid I bind<br /> my self my self my Heirs Exe and Adm<sup>s</sup> firmly by these presents<br /> sealed with my seal and Dated this thirteenth Day of December ano.<br /> Domoni one thousand seven hundred and Eighty Three</p>
<br /><p>The Condition of the above obligation is such that If the above<br /> Bound Richard Jackman shall pay and Deliver or Cause to be<br /> Deliver’d unto the above named Richard Steel A likely Negro slave<br /> not under the age of fifteen years nor over the age of twenty five<br /> at or before the <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">age of</span> First Day of October next <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">that</span> then the above<br /> obligation to be Void or Else Remain in Forse and Virtue sign’d<br /> Seal’d and Deliver’d In presence of<br />Rich<sup>d</sup>. Jackman Seal<br />Isaac Wilcox<br />Thomas Smith</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Verso</strong></h4>
<br /><p>I asigne over the within obligation to Robert Patterson<br /> and ingag to make it good to the s<sup>d</sup>. Rob<sup>t</sup>. Patterson<br /> his hairs or asignes as witness my hand this 18 day<br /> of December 1783<br />Richard Steel<br />Witness present<br />Andr<sup>w</sup>. Armstrong<br />Ale<sup>x</sup> McConnall</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Richard Jackman promissory note, 1783 December 13
Subject
The topic of the resource
Slaves -- Virginia
Promissory notes -- Virginia -- 18th century
Description
An account of the resource
Promissory note of Richard Jackman of Lincoln County, Virginia dated December 13, 1783. Jackman promises to pay Richard Steel of Lincoln County "one hundred and forty pound Currant and Lawfull money of Virginia ..." Alternatively, Jackman could settle the debt by delivering unto Richard Steel "a likely Negro slave not under the age of fifteen years nor over the age of twenty five ..." Signed by Jackman with an encircled seal after his name. Witnessed by Isaac Wilcox and Thomas Smith. Steel has docketed the verso and signed over the rights of the debt to a Robert Patterson. This is witnessed by Andw. Armstrong and Alex. McConnall
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jackman, Richard
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1783
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS 2009.4
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Recto</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Know all men by these presents, That we, Louisa Ross<br />& Davis Bowie are held and firmly bound unto<br />the Common Council of Alexandria, in the just and full sum of fifty dollars, current<br />money of the United States. To which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind<br />ourselves, our heirs, and administrators, firmly by these presents. Sealed<br />with our seals, and dated this 9 day of May 1822.</p>
<br /><p>The condition of the obligation is such, That<br />whereas, by an act of the Common Council of Alexandria, entitled "An act to amend<br />an act entitled an act concerning slaves, free negroes and mulattoes, and for other<br />purposes," it is made the duty of the mayor to require from all free negroes, and<br />mulattoes, bonds, with good and sufficient security, in the sum of fifty dollars, condi-<br />tioned for their good, peaceable, and honest conduct, during their residence in the<br />aforesaid corporation. Now if the aforesaid Louisa Ross shall<br />conform to the requisitions of the said law, then the above obligation to be void, else<br />to remain in full force and virtue in law.</p>
<p>Given under our hands and seals, at Alexandria, this 9<sup>th</sup> day of<br />May 1822</p>
<br /><p>Test,<br />Davis Bowie Louisa her mark Ross<br />Witness<br />J. H. Beoden Davis Bowie</p>
<p>Rounsavell & Pittman, Printers.</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Verso</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Bond<br />Louisa Ross<br />to<br />The Common<br />Council<br />1822<br />$50</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Bond of Louisa Ross with the Common Council of Alexandria, Virginia, 1822 May 9
Subject
The topic of the resource
Free African Americans--Virginia--Alexandria
Free African Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--Virginia--Alexandria.
Description
An account of the resource
Bond of Louisa Ross and Davis Bowie with the Common Council of Alexandria. The bond was required pursuant to an act of the council regarding slaves, free negroes, and mulattoes. This law required free negroes and mulattoes to post bond with good and sufficient security for fifty dollars to guarantee their "good, peaceable, and honest conduct, during their residence" in Alexandria. The bond was meant to guarantee the good behaviour of Louisa Ross.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ross, Louisa
Davis, Bowie
Alexandria (Va.). Common Council
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1822
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS 2008.12
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African Americans, Slavery and the Slave Trade
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains items related to the history of African Americans, slavery and the slave trade. Virginia materials in this collection include items from the 18th and early 19th-centuries.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<h4><strong>Page 1</strong></h4>
<br /><p>Nov. 10<sup>th</sup> half after four p.m.</p>
<p>Dear Sir</p>
<p>Panton has this moment delivered me yours of this date re-<br /> questing my attendance this forenoon in George Town, where he has<br /> been since intrusted with it, he can best tell. It being now so late, before I<br /> coud get my Horse out of the Commons the sun woud be set. I had<br /> last week heard of the disturbence occasioned by the Patrols, I was in<br /> hopes the Effects of it had been by this time done away. The late Events<br /> at Richmond had occasioned the Governor to order the militia<br /> to patrol different Quarters and if any improper Assemblage of<br /> Blacks should be discovered to have them brought before a magistrate<br /> or the commanding officer. This power in the hands of ignorant<br /> and arbitrary Characters will be frequently abused. If my pre-<br /> sence can be serviceable in the morning please to acquaint me<br /> by the mornings stage and I will come up. It will not be con-<br /> venient for me to go from thence to the Falls. I was plaguely<br /> galled in my Ride to and from our Courthouse which is not<br /> yet healed, not that is set to Rights I can’t ride as far as the<br /> Falls. We seem to be extremely unfortunate, we hardly get<br /> into a proper train before something turns up to disconcert<br /> our measures.</p>
<p>I am Dear Sir Respectfully<br />your most obed<sup>t</sup><br />Ja Rush</p>
<br /><h4><strong>Address leaf</strong></h4>
<br /><p>John Mason Esquire<br /> George Town</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Ink on paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
James Rush letter to John Mason, George Town, 1800 November 10
Subject
The topic of the resource
Prosser, Gabriel, approximately 1775-1800.
Mason, John, 1766-1849 -- Correspondence
Virginia. Militia
Slave insurrections -- Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Writing one month after the execution of Gabriel, Rush discusses the disturbances caused by the slave patrols in the wake of Gabriel's rebellion. Rush notes that Governor Monroe has called for militia patrols of the various quarters to look for any "improper assemblage of Blacks." The militia were to bring such blacks before a magistrate or the commanding officer. Rush feared this power would be abused.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rush, James
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1800
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material is protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). For reproduction queries: <a href="http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Visual_Resources/VisualResourcePermission.cfm">Rights and reproductions</a>
Format
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jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS 2008.13