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&#13;
The collection is organized according to the Foundation’s in-house Block and Building System. Initial folders on properties identify the various names associated with buildings through time. Some houses have been known by a succession of names and, in most instances, are now called by the builder’s name or that of the most famous occupant.&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
The collection is organized according to the Foundation’s in-house Block and Building System. Initial folders on properties identify the various names associated with buildings through time. Some houses have been known by a succession of names and, in most instances, are now called by the builder’s name or that of the most famous occupant.&#13;
&#13;
In some instances, the images are the first generation master prints, and notes on backs of photographs sometimes identify the people shown and describe what is shown—especially in those documenting archaeological excavations. Usually, the Foundation’s archaeological drawings (also in the Library’s Special Collections Section) show the exact positions and directions from which certain shots were made. Evolution of the work of restoration and reconstruction can be followed chronologically in most instances, although the collection has not been expanded since its transfer from the Architectural Research Department in the 1980s.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
Contract photographers Thomas Layton and Frank Nivison took many of the earliest images of the restoration work. Layton, a photographer who operated a studio at 507 E. Broad Street in Richmond, Virginia, worked for the restoration between 1928 and 1930 creating periodic photo documentation of work at the Wren Building, Capitol, Raleigh Tavern, and Ludwell-Paradise House, as well as many pre-restoration views of sites throughout the Historic Area. Frank Nivison, a photographer from the University Film Foundation at Harvard University, took over in late 1930 and spent the next five years meticulously photographing each successive stage of work at sites under reconstruction or restoration. Photos by Layton and Nivison are supplemented by images of pre-restoration Williamsburg that the architects collected from town residents and had copied for research use in the photo albums. They include images taken by Clyde Holmes, D.N. Davidson, and Edward Beckwith. In addition, the albums encompass some photographs taken by members of the architectural team, including Landscape Architect Arthur Shurcliff and Interior Designer Susan Higginson Nash. Post-1930s photos within the albums encompass those taken by official Colonial Williamsburg photographers such as Thomas Williams, Loring J. Turner, Dan Spangler, Chuck Kagey, and Steve Toth to document the continuing evolution of architectural and archaeological investigations and restoration work at each site.&#13;
&#13;
The collection is organized according to the Foundation’s in-house Block and Building System. Initial folders on properties identify the various names associated with buildings through time. Some houses have been known by a succession of names and, in most instances, are now called by the builder’s name or that of the most famous occupant.&#13;
&#13;
In some instances, the images are the first generation master prints, and notes on backs of photographs sometimes identify the people shown and describe what is shown—especially in those documenting archaeological excavations. Usually, the Foundation’s archaeological drawings (also in the Library’s Special Collections Section) show the exact positions and directions from which certain shots were made. Evolution of the work of restoration and reconstruction can be followed chronologically in most instances, although the collection has not been expanded since its transfer from the Architectural Research Department in the 1980s.&#13;
&#13;
Images of Carter’s Grove Plantation are included due to its ownership by the Foundation until sale in the early twenty-first century. Van Cortlandt Manor, in Westchester Co., New York is also documented due to its acquisition by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1953. The restoration there was carried out by architects from Colonial Williamsburg and the Foundation’s drawing files contain the plans for this work. The house today is a National Historic Landmark belonging to Historic Hudson Valley.&#13;
&#13;
Following the portion concerning Williamsburg’s Historic Area buildings are a series of notebooks identified by subject. Topics included are: aerial views of the Historic Area from 1925 - 1956, Williamsburg street views, architectural details, Williamsburg Shopping Center, mantels (salvaged models bought in early restoration), 18th-c. theaters, Kingsmill, H. Avery Tipping’s English Houses, and Johannes Kip engravings (bird’s-eye views of English country houses).&#13;
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                  <text>The son of Norfolk architect Finlay Forbes Ferguson Sr., who served as an Advisory Architect in the late 1920s as Williamsburg’s restoration began, Finlay Ferguson Jr. contributed to two different periods of architectural projects at Colonial Williamsburg. A graduate of the University of Virginia’s architecture program, Finlay Jr. started the first phase of his career working as a draftsman at Colonial Williamsburg between 1930-1933. He assisted other members of the research and design team with preparation of conjectural sketches, preliminary elevations and floor plans, and final measured drawings. Finlay left Williamsburg to work in his father’s architectural firm, Peebles and Ferguson, on the restoration of Fort Macon in Moorehead City, North Carolina between 1934-1935. He continued his association with the Norfolk firm until 1939, when he returned to Colonial Williamsburg to work on research and design for the restoration of Bruton Parish Church until 1943. After serving in the Navy during the remainder of World War II, Ferguson resumed practicing architecture in Norfolk. His early association with Colonial Williamsburg allowed him to become a respected expert in architectural restoration and he oversaw projects at the Adam Thoroughgood House, the Moses Myers House, the Willoughby-Baylor House, and the Old Norfolk Academy. Ferguson also designed the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial and restored St. Paul’s Episcopal Church in Edenton, North Carolina.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Ferguson joined his architectural colleagues in taking numerous photographs of both ongoing work in the Historic Area and field research at other sites.  These are preserved in the Finlay Forbes Ferguson Jr. Photograph Collection, AV2009.16, which encompasses over four hundred black and white images of restoration projects underway in Williamsburg’s Historic Area, as well as architectural design precedents at historic sites in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Carolina used to facilitate reconstruction of details not documented in historical records, archaeological investigations, or visual representations.&#13;
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Record photography played an important role in the research process undertaken to restore Williamsburg’s historic district to its eighteenth century appearance. In addition to having professional contract photographers systematically produce pre-restoration and progress photos of each building site, the members of the architectural team comprising the Williamsburg office of architects Perry, Shaw, and Hepburn also took their own separate series of images to aid their specific projects. Assembled into a series of five volumes labeled "Williamsburg Record Photographs," Shurcliff’s photos document pre-restoration scenes of Williamsburg and archaeological investigations underway, as well as preliminary restoration or reconstruction work on structures, along with recreation of garden paths and plantings. Before beginning landscape work, Shurcliff carefully analyzed existing garden features at each site, examined any archaeological discoveries connected to garden layouts, and studied extant eighteenth-century sites throughout tidewater Virginia to aid with design precedents.</text>
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                  <text>Todd and Brown, Incorporated, a subsidiary firm of Todd, Robertson and Todd Engineering Corporation, headquartered in New York City, entered into a contract with the Williamsburg Holding Corporation on June 6, 1928. The engineers and contractors carried out work as directed by the architects and landscape architects on the reconstruction and restoration of historic structures and gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia. Mr. Webster B. Todd and Mr. J.O. Brown served as the principals of Todd and Brown, Incorporated. They appointed Robert Trimble to head the firm's Williamsburg office. Between 1928 and 1934, the Williamsburg crew undertook many different construction tasks in support of the museum's development and the relocation of the town's business district to Merchants Square. The Williamsburg office closed in 1934, when Williamsburg Restoration Inc. established its own Construction and Maintenance Department. However, the firm continued to be involved in a supervisory capacity with the building of the Williamsburg Inn from 1936 to 1938.&#13;
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The Todd and Brown Inc. Photograph Collection, AV2010.3, encompasses over eight hundred negatives and their corresponding photographic prints housed in an album. Systematic examination of the town and extensive planning occurred before the contractors began their assignment to demolish or move buildings not dating to the colonial era. Each photograph they took served a documentary purpose of recording a colonial structure, modern dwelling, business, church, municipal building, or outbuilding as it appeared prior to any work proceeding at a site. The collection is thus a significant archive of the many homes, grocery stores, general stores, gas stations, barber shops, banks, and offices that once stretched up and down Duke of Gloucester Street.  It also offers many pre-restoration views of eighteenth-century buildings that had undergone modifications by later residents. A selection of images offers views of early progress on the reconstruction of such public buildings as the Capitol and Raleigh Tavern.</text>
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Andrew Hopewell Hepburn was born in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania on March 6, 1880 to Robert Hopewell Hepburn and Elizabeth Hunt. After attending primary schools in New Jersey and Maryland, he undertook study to prepare for entrance into the Naval Academy at Annapolis but did not receive an appointment. He turned his interests towards architecture and gained admittance to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he graduated with an architectural degree in 1904. While at M.I.T., he met Robert E. Lee Taylor, a native of Norfolk, Virginia and a graduate of the University of Virginia. The two worked as colleagues in the office of Harry Morse in Philadelphia. After marrying Beatrice Outram Sturgis in 1907, Hepburn formed a partnership with Taylor in Norfolk, Virginia, where a building boom was predicted to coincide with the Jamestown Tercentennial. The pair collaborated on such projects as the reconstruction of a hospital in Ghent and the Auslow Gallery Building. &#13;
&#13;
When the predicted building boom in Norfolk did not materialize, Hepburn relocated to New York City to join the office of Herbert Hale.  He later transferred to the firm of Henry F. Bigelow in Boston and then moved on to work for Guy Lowell until 1914. With the start of the First World War, Hepburn received an appointment from the U. S. Housing Administration to serve as architect for Seaside Village, a housing community in Bridgeport, Massachusetts. During this project, he met Arthur Shurcliff, who served as the landscape architect and would later join him in Williamsburg, Virginia. The end of the war led him to his next project with Albert Farwell Bemis to design inexpensive, prefabricated houses for workmen. After that he formed a partnership with Thomas Mott Shaw, with whom he worked from 1919-1922, and then the two added a third partner, William Graves Perry, to form the firm of Perry, Shaw &amp; Hepburn. Hepburn helped to prepare and deliver some of the firm’s first concept drawings for the restoration of Williamsburg to show to Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin and Dr. Lyon G. Tyler. He helped lead the effort to develop a master plan for restoring Williamsburg, Virginia to its colonial appearance.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Scope and Content Note&#13;
&#13;
Andrew Hepburn’s pencil sketches, created between 1927 and 1948, are primarily rapid concept drawings he prepared as a member of the architectural team for various projects that were part of Colonial Williamsburg’s restoration. They encompass perspective sketches, bird’s-eye views, plans, elevations, and details relating to such 18th-century buildings as the Governor’s Palace and St. George Tucker House, and modern structures such as the Williamsburg Inn and the Business Block, later known as Merchants Square. &#13;
&#13;
Reconstruction of the Governor's Palace involved educated guesswork on the part of the architects as they examined archaeological and documentary evidence and then tried to fill in the gaps through study of architectural precedents. One of Hepburn's drawings of the front elevation of the Palace reflects how the architectural team thought it might have appeared prior to the discovery of the Bodleian plate, a copperplate found at the Bodleian Library which included a depiction of the Palace complex. Hepburn also finished studies for the Ballroom Wing and the outbuildings and stable complex.&#13;
&#13;
One of Hepburn's major responsibilities involved creating the original concept sketches for structures that would be part of a new business block at the west end of Duke of Gloucester Street. In order to restore Williamsburg to its eighteenth-century appearance, many business, civic, residential and religious buildings along Duke of Gloucester, Francis, and Nicholson streets  had to be re-located. The architects suggested concentrating business activity in a new park and shop complex designed to blend harmoniously with the architectural styles of the buildings being restored. The eleven sketches relating to Merchants Square document his evolving ideas for the complex and range from bird's-eye views of blocks of shops to details of multi-bay windows, doorways, and elevations.&#13;
&#13;
Between 1937-1938, Hepburn traveled to Williamsburg every other week to oversee construction progress on the Williamsburg Inn. His involvement with the project is reflected in ten sketches of both exterior and interior architectural features ranging from fireplaces, doors and windows to the proposed bath house, pediments, colonnades, and entrances.&#13;
&#13;
Together, the set of thirty pencil sketches by Hepburn offer insight into the design process for major eighteenth-century and modern structures that are iconic architectural landmarks for Colonial Williamsburg today.</text>
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                  <text>Mr. Peter Hornbeck, a renowned Landscape Architect and Harvard professor, assembled this collection of lantern slides produced between the late 1930s and early 1940s. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Peter Hornbeck managed the landscape architecture firm of Hornbeck Associates in North Andover, Massachusetts during the 1950s. He became a faculty member of the Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1963 and taught courses focusing upon historic landscape preservation and city planning.. These lantern slides served  as visual aids during lectures he gave about the Williamsburg Restoration and eighteenth-century garden history. The lantern slides encompass a variety of images of Williamsburg available commercially from A.D. Handy, F.S. Lincoln, Eldredge Studio, and the National Geographic Society. They also include some images of historic homes and gardens in other parts of Virginia and in Great Britain. &#13;
&#13;
This collection is significant as a record of how landscape architects were interpreting and presenting eighteenth-century garden history during the 1930s and 1940s. It also provides a visual record of Williamsburg buildings and gardens before, during, and after the restoration work undertaken in the early 1930s. In addition, the collection documents how the Williamsburg Restoration publicized its work through commercial slide sets. For example, Mr. F.S. Lincoln, a New York photographer hired to compile a photographic portfolio of restored Williamsburg buildings for a special issue of the "Architectural Record" in 1935, also created colorized lantern slides of his photos for sale in Williamsburg shops. The Peter Hornbeck Lantern Slide Collection contains numerous examples of these early souvenir images.&#13;
&#13;
A precursor of 35mm slides, lantern slides are large format positive transparencies, usually 3.25 x 4 inches, sandwiched between two pieces of glass. Many were hand-colored. A projector allowed the slides to be viewed on a wall or screen. Instead of automatically advancing from one slide to the next, the lantern slides had to be manually placed into a slot on the projector. &#13;
&#13;
 Invented in 1848, lantern slides evolved from those associated with magic lanterns in the late nineteenth-century to the format represented in this collection. Between 1848-1870, oil lamps served as the light source for magic lantern projectors. By the 1890s, the carbon arc lamp offered a better lighting method. The introduction of electricity in the twentieth-century allowed the projection of lantern slides to become common in schools and universities. Lantern slides became obsolete in the 1950s when the Kodachrome three-color process brought about the introduction of 35mm slides.&#13;
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                <text>Colonial Williamsburg Parking Lot, Williamsburg, Virginia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="110910">
                <text>Parking lots - Virginia - Williamsburg</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="110911">
                <text>Lantern slides - Hand-colored - 1930-1940</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="110912">
                <text>Automobiles parked in a lot adjacent to Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, circa 1930s.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
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        <name>A. D. Handy Company</name>
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      <tag tagId="55">
        <name>Automobiles</name>
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      <tag tagId="859">
        <name>Colonial Williamsburg</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1657">
        <name>Glass Transparencies</name>
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      <tag tagId="953">
        <name>Lantern Slides</name>
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      <tag tagId="1999">
        <name>Parking Lots</name>
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      <tag tagId="1656">
        <name>Peter Hornbeck</name>
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      <tag tagId="10">
        <name>Virginia</name>
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      <tag tagId="9">
        <name>Williamsburg</name>
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