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                  <text>Selections from the Frank Nivison Photograph Collection</text>
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                  <text>Nivison, Frank</text>
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                  <text>Historic buildings - Virginia - Williamsburg</text>
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                  <text>Frank Reginald Nivison served as a contract photographer for Colonial Williamsburg during the initial restoration of the town between 1930 and 1935. Prior to this, he served as a darkroom assistant at the University Film Foundation at Harvard University. He was hired by the Williamsburg Holding Corp. to take progress photos of construction and restoration work, as well as of buildings to be wrecked or moved. According to a memo issued by architect William G. Perry to Frank Nivison on December 12, 1930, his work was to “…include the photography of all buildings and parts of buildings, exterior and interior, which the architects deem necessary for architectural and historical purposes. Such photographs would be supplemented by progress photographs of construction work as it proceeds. All buildings to be wrecked should be photographed before the wrecking takes place. In addition, there will be photographs of furniture, fabrics, and objects of all kinds.”&#13;
&#13;
	Nivison set up a small photographic studio in a room in the Bruton Parish House. His equipment included a Zeiss camera, 5x7 inch, with a F 4.5 lens and a special magazine for cut films, along with a Mitchell tripod with a ball and socket head. His darkroom equipment consisted of an Eastman Auto-focus Enlarger, printing machines, and various accessories such as tanks and scales. Over the course of five years, he took more than 7,000 photographs documenting each stage of the restoration or reconstruction of various 18th-century buildings in Williamsburg. Copies of these photographs were forwarded to the offices of Perry, Shaw, &amp; Hepburn in Boston so that the architects could monitor the progress of various projects. Nivison’s photographs were also used to produce postcards, “before and after” lantern slides, and publicity relating to the restoration of Williamsburg.&#13;
&#13;
	By late 1935, Nivison had started taking on a lot of outside photography business and Colonial Williamsburg officials felt he should establish himself as an independent photographer. Nivison’s employment with Colonial Williamsburg terminated on July 1, 1935. However, Colonial Williamsburg continued to utilize his services on an as needed basis and assisted him in setting up his own business in Williamsburg. Unfortunately, Nivison did not attract enough outside commissions to enable him to operate independently and filed for bankruptcy in 1937. He applied to Colonial Williamsburg for a monthly retainer fee for his periodic services and was given $100.00 per month to draw upon in 1938. With the advent of World War II, Nivison moved back to Massachusetts in 1940.&#13;
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              <text>Gelatin silver print</text>
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                <text>Minerva Room, Raleigh Tavern</text>
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                <text>Raleigh Tavern (Williamsburg, Va.)</text>
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                <text>Southeast elevation of the Minerva Room, Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Virginia</text>
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                <text>Architectural Photo Albums Collection, Box 190, Folder 1</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation</text>
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                  <text>BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH&#13;
	John A. Barrows joined the staff of the Williamsburg office of Boston architects Perry, Shaw &amp; Hepburn as a draftsman in the early days of the restoration.  Remaining with them until his untimely death, Barrows assisted in the restoration of the College of William and Mary's Wren Building, and was involved with design work for the reconstructed Raleigh Tavern, Capitol, and Governor's Palace. In addition to his research and restoration work, John A. Barrows co-authored "The Domestic Colonial Architecture of Tidewater Virginia" with colleague Thomas Waterman.  &#13;
&#13;
	As part of his field research, Barrows--at the wheel of his 1928 Buick roadster "Lucy"--photographed numerous buildings and plantations throughout the Tidewater region, including sites in the now restored historic area of Williamsburg, Bacon's Castle, Cleve, Carter's Grove, King William Courthouse, Mt. Airy, Mt. Vernon, Rosewell, Stratford Hall, Sabine Hall, Shirley, Little England, the U.S. Capitol, and the British Embassy in Washington, D.C.  These photographs form the core of the collection. The John A. Barrows Photograph Collection is an important adjunct to existing groups of photographic documentation for buildings in Williamsburg's historic area and of Virginia architecture.&#13;
&#13;
SCOPE AND CONTENTS&#13;
&#13;
Black and white photographs, negatives, postcards, and miscellaneous items of Norfolk native John Alden Barrows (b. ca. 1905, d. 1931), architect for the Colonial Williamsburg Restoration. The photographs--some taken by Barrows, Thomas Waterman, Milton Grigg and others--remain in their original order, which follows a somewhat erratic alphabetical arrangement by site/subject.&#13;
	&#13;
The John A. Barrows Photograph Collection contains photoprints, taken mainly in Virginia and South Carolina, negatives, portraits, and personal papers and objects. The Photoprints series comprises the bulk of the collection, numbering close to 800 items. The photos, taken by architect and photographer John A. Barrows, display homes, churches, college buildings, and other structures along the eastern seaboard of the United States. Most of the photos were taken in Virginia and South Carolina, but other locations include New Jersey and Maryland. The prints were made in two sizes, 2.5x4 inches and 5x7 inches. The Negatives series has not been inventoried. John A. Barrows is the subject of the portraits found in the Portraits Series. The five images were all taken at different times. The final series, Personal Papers and Objects, includes some of Barrows' writings as well as memorabilia from trips and celebrations.</text>
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                  <text>Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation</text>
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              <text>Gelatin silver print</text>
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                <text>Reconstruction progress photo of the fireplace on north wall of the Daphne Room, Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Virginia&#13;
&#13;
Notation on reverse:&#13;
"Minerva Rm. Mantel Raleigh Tavern Oct. 1 1930 TTW"</text>
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                <text>Bar-499. See also 1991-1533 CN.</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.</text>
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                  <text>The Williamsburg office of architects Perry, Shaw and Hepburn began compiling this extensive collection of 367 boxes of black and white photographs in a series of photo albums in the late 1920s and early 1930s. After the establishment of a Department of Architecture in 1934, the architectural team continued to add photographs to the albums until the 1980s. Together, they comprise a detailed chronological record of the changes that have occurred over time at each site in the Historic Area, ranging from pre-restoration views and archaeological excavations to restoration or reconstruction progress, landscaping installation, completion, and renovation photographs.&#13;
&#13;
Contract photographers Thomas Layton and Frank Nivison took many of the earliest images of the restoration work. Layton, a photographer who operated a studio at 507 E. Broad Street in Richmond, Virginia, worked for the restoration between 1928 and 1930 creating periodic photo documentation of work at the Wren Building, Capitol, Raleigh Tavern, and Ludwell-Paradise House, as well as many pre-restoration views of sites throughout the Historic Area. Frank Nivison, a photographer from the University Film Foundation at Harvard University, took over in late 1930 and spent the next five years meticulously photographing each successive stage of work at sites under reconstruction or restoration. Photos by Layton and Nivison are supplemented by images of pre-restoration Williamsburg that the architects collected from town residents and had copied for research use in the photo albums. They include images taken by Clyde Holmes, D.N. Davidson, and Edward Beckwith. In addition, the albums encompass some photographs taken by members of the architectural team, including Landscape Architect Arthur Shurcliff and Interior Designer Susan Higginson Nash. Post-1930s photos within the albums encompass those taken by official Colonial Williamsburg photographers such as Thomas Williams, Loring J. Turner, Dan Spangler, Chuck Kagey, and Steve Toth to document the continuing evolution of architectural and archaeological investigations and restoration work at each site.&#13;
&#13;
The collection is organized according to the Foundation’s in-house Block and Building System. Initial folders on properties identify the various names associated with buildings through time. Some houses have been known by a succession of names and, in most instances, are now called by the builder’s name or that of the most famous occupant.&#13;
&#13;
In some instances, the images are the first generation master prints, and notes on backs of photographs sometimes identify the people shown and describe what is shown—especially in those documenting archaeological excavations. Usually, the Foundation’s archaeological drawings (also in the Library’s Special Collections Section) show the exact positions and directions from which certain shots were made. Evolution of the work of restoration and reconstruction can be followed chronologically in most instances, although the collection has not been expanded since its transfer from the Architectural Research Department in the 1980s.&#13;
&#13;
Images of Carter’s Grove Plantation are included due to its ownership by the Foundation until sale in the early twenty-first century. Van Cortlandt Manor, in Westchester Co., New York is also documented due to its acquisition by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1953. The restoration there was carried out by architects from Colonial Williamsburg and the Foundation’s drawing files contain the plans for this work. The house today is a National Historic Landmark belonging to Historic Hudson Valley.&#13;
&#13;
Following the portion concerning Williamsburg’s Historic Area buildings are a series of notebooks identified by subject. Topics included are: aerial views of the Historic Area from 1925 - 1956, Williamsburg street views, architectural details, Williamsburg Shopping Center, mantels (salvaged models bought in early restoration), 18th-c. theaters, Kingsmill, H. Avery Tipping’s English Houses, and Johannes Kip engravings (bird’s-eye views of English country houses).&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                  <text>Robert W. Tebbs was a prominent architectural photographer in the New York firm of Tebbs &amp; Knell, 101 Park Avenue, New York, New York. He marketed himself as "Photographer to Architects and Decorators." His pictures are widely available in mid-twentieth century photographic essays concerning architecture and architectural history. He is well-known for his photographic survey of Louisiana plantation homes created in the 1920s.  Tebbs photographed the Raleigh Tavern, the Capitol, and the Wren Building at Colonial Williamsburg soon after their restoration on commission for publication in various magazines and newspapers.&#13;
&#13;
In October 1933, he conducted his first photographic survey in Williamsburg and approached the Williamsburg Holding Corporation with a proposal for a "Travelling Exhibition of Williamsburg" featuring his photographs of the exteriors and interiors of completed exhibition buildings. He also suggested that his photos could be marketed to various architectural magazines and newspapers to help promote the new museum. William Graves Perry and Susan Higginson Nash reviewed his portfolios and selected those images they approved for publication use.  Tebbs was then allowed to sell and distribute them to various publishers provided the Williamsburg Holding Corporation agreed to the proposed usage. In a letter to Kenneth Chorley, Vice-President of the Williamsburg Holding Corporation, written on December 5, 1933, Bela Norton, Director of Public Relations, noted "Everyone here who has seen the pictures agrees that they have the stamp of quality and professional excellence that we have not yet had."  &#13;
&#13;
Tebbs remained in contact with Williamsburg Holding Corporation officials between 1933 and 1934, and returned several times to take more photographs when passing through the area on other assignments. However,  he never received a contract from Colonial Williamsburg for more extensive photographic work due to an agreement already in place with Frank Nivison, who served as the official contract photographer for documentation of the Restoration's progress.  He approached Colonial Williamsburg officials again in 1939 with a proposal to return and photograph some of the more recently completed structures, noting that his Williamsburg photos from the early 1930s had been exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Upon his death in 1945, Robert Tebbs left a legacy of  architectural photos that are preserved at several other institutions, including the Library of Congress and the Louisiana State Museum.&#13;
&#13;
This collection  of ninety-seven photographs encompasses two portfolios, one titled "View of Capitol Building of Reconstructed Colonial Williamsburg" and the other titled "Views of Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.," which also includes images of the Wren Building and the President's House at the College of William &amp; Mary. Exterior and interior view of each structure are included, along with detail views of various furnishings and architectural features. Rooms featured in the portfolio of Capitol photos include the General Court, House of Burgesses, Council Chamber, Conference Room, Committee Room, Clerk's Office, and Secretary's Office. The Raleigh Tavern interior views include the Parlor, Reception Room, Tap Room, Daphne Room, Apollo Room, and Public Dining Room. Tebbs also documented the Chapel, Great Hall, and the Blue Room inside the Wren Building.&#13;
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                <text> View looking towards the fireplace of the Daphne Room, a private room offered to Raleigh Tavern guests for holding meals and meetings. When the Raleigh Tavern first opened in 1932, interior decor for the Daphne Room consisted of a dining room ensemble, patterned wallpaper, and brocade curtains.</text>
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&#13;
In October 1933, he conducted his first photographic survey in Williamsburg and approached the Williamsburg Holding Corporation with a proposal for a "Travelling Exhibition of Williamsburg" featuring his photographs of the exteriors and interiors of completed exhibition buildings. He also suggested that his photos could be marketed to various architectural magazines and newspapers to help promote the new museum. William Graves Perry and Susan Higginson Nash reviewed his portfolios and selected those images they approved for publication use.  Tebbs was then allowed to sell and distribute them to various publishers provided the Williamsburg Holding Corporation agreed to the proposed usage. In a letter to Kenneth Chorley, Vice-President of the Williamsburg Holding Corporation, written on December 5, 1933, Bela Norton, Director of Public Relations, noted "Everyone here who has seen the pictures agrees that they have the stamp of quality and professional excellence that we have not yet had."  &#13;
&#13;
Tebbs remained in contact with Williamsburg Holding Corporation officials between 1933 and 1934, and returned several times to take more photographs when passing through the area on other assignments. However,  he never received a contract from Colonial Williamsburg for more extensive photographic work due to an agreement already in place with Frank Nivison, who served as the official contract photographer for documentation of the Restoration's progress.  He approached Colonial Williamsburg officials again in 1939 with a proposal to return and photograph some of the more recently completed structures, noting that his Williamsburg photos from the early 1930s had been exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Upon his death in 1945, Robert Tebbs left a legacy of  architectural photos that are preserved at several other institutions, including the Library of Congress and the Louisiana State Museum.&#13;
&#13;
This collection  of ninety-seven photographs encompasses two portfolios, one titled "View of Capitol Building of Reconstructed Colonial Williamsburg" and the other titled "Views of Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.," which also includes images of the Wren Building and the President's House at the College of William &amp; Mary. Exterior and interior view of each structure are included, along with detail views of various furnishings and architectural features. Rooms featured in the portfolio of Capitol photos include the General Court, House of Burgesses, Council Chamber, Conference Room, Committee Room, Clerk's Office, and Secretary's Office. The Raleigh Tavern interior views include the Parlor, Reception Room, Tap Room, Daphne Room, Apollo Room, and Public Dining Room. Tebbs also documented the Chapel, Great Hall, and the Blue Room inside the Wren Building.&#13;
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&#13;
In October 1933, he conducted his first photographic survey in Williamsburg and approached the Williamsburg Holding Corporation with a proposal for a "Travelling Exhibition of Williamsburg" featuring his photographs of the exteriors and interiors of completed exhibition buildings. He also suggested that his photos could be marketed to various architectural magazines and newspapers to help promote the new museum. William Graves Perry and Susan Higginson Nash reviewed his portfolios and selected those images they approved for publication use.  Tebbs was then allowed to sell and distribute them to various publishers provided the Williamsburg Holding Corporation agreed to the proposed usage. In a letter to Kenneth Chorley, Vice-President of the Williamsburg Holding Corporation, written on December 5, 1933, Bela Norton, Director of Public Relations, noted "Everyone here who has seen the pictures agrees that they have the stamp of quality and professional excellence that we have not yet had."  &#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
This collection  of ninety-seven photographs encompasses two portfolios, one titled "View of Capitol Building of Reconstructed Colonial Williamsburg" and the other titled "Views of Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.," which also includes images of the Wren Building and the President's House at the College of William &amp; Mary. Exterior and interior view of each structure are included, along with detail views of various furnishings and architectural features. Rooms featured in the portfolio of Capitol photos include the General Court, House of Burgesses, Council Chamber, Conference Room, Committee Room, Clerk's Office, and Secretary's Office. The Raleigh Tavern interior views include the Parlor, Reception Room, Tap Room, Daphne Room, Apollo Room, and Public Dining Room. Tebbs also documented the Chapel, Great Hall, and the Blue Room inside the Wren Building.&#13;
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&#13;
In October 1933, he conducted his first photographic survey in Williamsburg and approached the Williamsburg Holding Corporation with a proposal for a "Travelling Exhibition of Williamsburg" featuring his photographs of the exteriors and interiors of completed exhibition buildings. He also suggested that his photos could be marketed to various architectural magazines and newspapers to help promote the new museum. William Graves Perry and Susan Higginson Nash reviewed his portfolios and selected those images they approved for publication use.  Tebbs was then allowed to sell and distribute them to various publishers provided the Williamsburg Holding Corporation agreed to the proposed usage. In a letter to Kenneth Chorley, Vice-President of the Williamsburg Holding Corporation, written on December 5, 1933, Bela Norton, Director of Public Relations, noted "Everyone here who has seen the pictures agrees that they have the stamp of quality and professional excellence that we have not yet had."  &#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
This collection  of ninety-seven photographs encompasses two portfolios, one titled "View of Capitol Building of Reconstructed Colonial Williamsburg" and the other titled "Views of Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.," which also includes images of the Wren Building and the President's House at the College of William &amp; Mary. Exterior and interior view of each structure are included, along with detail views of various furnishings and architectural features. Rooms featured in the portfolio of Capitol photos include the General Court, House of Burgesses, Council Chamber, Conference Room, Committee Room, Clerk's Office, and Secretary's Office. The Raleigh Tavern interior views include the Parlor, Reception Room, Tap Room, Daphne Room, Apollo Room, and Public Dining Room. Tebbs also documented the Chapel, Great Hall, and the Blue Room inside the Wren Building.&#13;
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&#13;
In October 1933, he conducted his first photographic survey in Williamsburg and approached the Williamsburg Holding Corporation with a proposal for a "Travelling Exhibition of Williamsburg" featuring his photographs of the exteriors and interiors of completed exhibition buildings. He also suggested that his photos could be marketed to various architectural magazines and newspapers to help promote the new museum. William Graves Perry and Susan Higginson Nash reviewed his portfolios and selected those images they approved for publication use.  Tebbs was then allowed to sell and distribute them to various publishers provided the Williamsburg Holding Corporation agreed to the proposed usage. In a letter to Kenneth Chorley, Vice-President of the Williamsburg Holding Corporation, written on December 5, 1933, Bela Norton, Director of Public Relations, noted "Everyone here who has seen the pictures agrees that they have the stamp of quality and professional excellence that we have not yet had."  &#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
This collection  of ninety-seven photographs encompasses two portfolios, one titled "View of Capitol Building of Reconstructed Colonial Williamsburg" and the other titled "Views of Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.," which also includes images of the Wren Building and the President's House at the College of William &amp; Mary. Exterior and interior view of each structure are included, along with detail views of various furnishings and architectural features. Rooms featured in the portfolio of Capitol photos include the General Court, House of Burgesses, Council Chamber, Conference Room, Committee Room, Clerk's Office, and Secretary's Office. The Raleigh Tavern interior views include the Parlor, Reception Room, Tap Room, Daphne Room, Apollo Room, and Public Dining Room. Tebbs also documented the Chapel, Great Hall, and the Blue Room inside the Wren Building.&#13;
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                  <text>Robert Tebbs Photograph Collection</text>
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                  <text>Tebbs,  Robert W., 1875-1945</text>
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                  <text>Public buildings - Virginia - Williamsburg</text>
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                  <text>Raleigh Tavern (Williamsburg, Va.)</text>
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                  <text>Capitol (Williamsburg, Va.)</text>
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                  <text>Portfolios</text>
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                  <text>Taverns (Inns) - Virginia - Williamsburg</text>
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                  <text>Robert W. Tebbs was a prominent architectural photographer in the New York firm of Tebbs &amp; Knell, 101 Park Avenue, New York, New York. He marketed himself as "Photographer to Architects and Decorators." His pictures are widely available in mid-twentieth century photographic essays concerning architecture and architectural history. He is well-known for his photographic survey of Louisiana plantation homes created in the 1920s.  Tebbs photographed the Raleigh Tavern, the Capitol, and the Wren Building at Colonial Williamsburg soon after their restoration on commission for publication in various magazines and newspapers.&#13;
&#13;
In October 1933, he conducted his first photographic survey in Williamsburg and approached the Williamsburg Holding Corporation with a proposal for a "Travelling Exhibition of Williamsburg" featuring his photographs of the exteriors and interiors of completed exhibition buildings. He also suggested that his photos could be marketed to various architectural magazines and newspapers to help promote the new museum. William Graves Perry and Susan Higginson Nash reviewed his portfolios and selected those images they approved for publication use.  Tebbs was then allowed to sell and distribute them to various publishers provided the Williamsburg Holding Corporation agreed to the proposed usage. In a letter to Kenneth Chorley, Vice-President of the Williamsburg Holding Corporation, written on December 5, 1933, Bela Norton, Director of Public Relations, noted "Everyone here who has seen the pictures agrees that they have the stamp of quality and professional excellence that we have not yet had."  &#13;
&#13;
Tebbs remained in contact with Williamsburg Holding Corporation officials between 1933 and 1934, and returned several times to take more photographs when passing through the area on other assignments. However,  he never received a contract from Colonial Williamsburg for more extensive photographic work due to an agreement already in place with Frank Nivison, who served as the official contract photographer for documentation of the Restoration's progress.  He approached Colonial Williamsburg officials again in 1939 with a proposal to return and photograph some of the more recently completed structures, noting that his Williamsburg photos from the early 1930s had been exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Upon his death in 1945, Robert Tebbs left a legacy of  architectural photos that are preserved at several other institutions, including the Library of Congress and the Louisiana State Museum.&#13;
&#13;
This collection  of ninety-seven photographs encompasses two portfolios, one titled "View of Capitol Building of Reconstructed Colonial Williamsburg" and the other titled "Views of Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.," which also includes images of the Wren Building and the President's House at the College of William &amp; Mary. Exterior and interior view of each structure are included, along with detail views of various furnishings and architectural features. Rooms featured in the portfolio of Capitol photos include the General Court, House of Burgesses, Council Chamber, Conference Room, Committee Room, Clerk's Office, and Secretary's Office. The Raleigh Tavern interior views include the Parlor, Reception Room, Tap Room, Daphne Room, Apollo Room, and Public Dining Room. Tebbs also documented the Chapel, Great Hall, and the Blue Room inside the Wren Building.&#13;
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              <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
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                  <text>97 photographs</text>
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              <name>Rights Holder</name>
              <description>A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.</description>
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                  <text>Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps.  Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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              <text>Gelatin silver print</text>
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          <name>Physical Dimensions</name>
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              <text>10.25 x 13.25 inches</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Great Hall, Wren Building</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>View looking towards the east wall of the Great Hall, Wren Building, College of William and Mary, soon after its restoration, Williamsburg, Virginia.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Tebbs, Robert W. </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text> Robert W. Tebbs Photograph Collection, AV2009.47, Box 1</text>
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                <text>Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.</text>
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                <text>Block 16. Building 03.</text>
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